<p>Lagar Velho is a rock-shelter in the Lapedo valley, a limestone canyon 13 km from the centre of Leiria, in the municipality of Leiria, in central Portugal. The site is known for the discovery of a 24,000-year-old Cro-Magnon child, later referred to as the Lapedo child.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In archaeological terms, the site is known to integrate a stratigraphic sequence representative of much of the Upper Paleolithic human occupations of the region (between about 30,000 and 20,000 years), gathering at various levels respective traces and carved lithic remnants, associated with coeval faunal elements.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the discovery of an early Upper Paleolithic human burial site in the valley has provided evidence of early modern humans in southern Iberia. The remains, the largely complete skeleton of an approximately 4-year-old child, was buried with a pierced shell and red ochre (dated to circa 24,500 years B.P.). The cranium, mandible, dentition, and postcrania appear to present a mosaic of European early modern human and Neanderthal features, although this interpretation is disputed. If the child was indeed a hybrid of anatomically modern humans and Homo neanderthalensis, there could be significant implications regarding the Neanderthal interaction with Cro-Magnons and the taxonomical classification of these (possibly sub-) species.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the burial context, recent archaeological campaigns have uncovered various levels of a Gravettian habitat, identifying an excellent state of preservation and original spatial organization.</p><br>
<p>It is anticipated that archaeological museum, to be constructed in the Convent of Santo Agostinho (Convento de Santo Agostinho), in the city of Leiria, will house the skeletal remains.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Situated between the civil parishes of Caranguejeira and Santa Eufémia, the Valley of Lapedo (Vale do Lapedo) is formed by the waters of the Ribeira de Caranguejeira. It is an area of natural diversity of flora and fauna, that includes Carrion Crows (Corvus corone), eagles and field rats, in addition to Black, European or Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa), Willow (genus Salix), European or Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Populus (family Salicaceae) and Vitis grapevines (of the family Vitaceae).</p><br>
<p>Cindrel Mountains  are a group of mountains in central Romania in the centre of the Southern Carpathians, in the North-East of the Parâng Mountains group.</p><br>
<p>From the Transylvanian Plateau, with heights between 200 and 400 m, in the North and East, the heights grow abruptly through a zone of deep valleys at about 900 m on the verge of the massif where some villages are situated. The heights continue to grow slowly towards the highest peak, Cindrel Peak, at 2,244 m. Only two other peaks in the range rise above 2000 metres: Balandrul Mare (2,210 metres) and Starpului (2,146 metres).</p><br>
<p>Because the massif is easily accessible, the ethnographical area Mărginimea Sibiului has formed around the mountain, having sheep-herding and wood industry as the main occupations. On the Cibin river and on the Sadu river dams and hydro-electrical power plants were constructed, the oldest being the one from Sadu in 1896. The Păltiniș resort is situated halfway between the village of Rășinari and the Cindrel peak, with hotels, chalets and a ski slope. The resort has developed around a small monastery in which the Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica spent the last part of his life.</p><br>
<p>The main river flowing from the mountain is the Cibin river, which collects most of the other smaller rivers. Between the Cindrel Mountains and the Transylvanian Plateau, the river forms a wide depression the Sibiu Depression in which the main city in the area lies (Sibiu).</p><br>
<p>Brooks Island is a 75 acre, mostly flat strip of land extending from a round hill which peaks at 160 ft in San Francisco Bay, located just south of the Richmond Inner Harbor in Richmond, California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The rock that forms the main peak of the island is radiolarian chert underlain by limestone and graywacke sandstone. All these rocks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage, the same range as Albany Hill, 3 miles south, and the Coyote Hills, 25 miles south in Hayward. The main portion of the island covers an area of approximately 47 acre.</p><br>
<p>A short distance from the southwest coast of the main island is Bird Rock or Bird Island.</p><br>
<p>The sandspit that extends for about two miles west of the main island formed along a breakwater that was installed in the 1920s to preserve a deepwater channel to the Richmond Inner Harbor.</p><br>
<p>During the last ice age San Francisco Bay was a valley, and Brooks Island was just one hill of many along its western slope. As sea level rose, the valley was flooded and Brooks Island was cut off from the rest of the East Bay. Although the island is quite small, there is a permanent spring, which is used by the caretakers as a water source.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island hosts salt marshes, tidal flats and has a rise of 160 ft. It is home to many bird species, including herons and egrets, and provides their nesting sites. Some parts of the islands are off limits to visitors to protect nesting sites. Other names for the island include: Isla de Cármen, Rocky Island, Bird Island, and Sheep Island.</p><br>
<p>Brooks Island is a habitat for harbor seals that stop at the island from their nearby rookery on the Castro Rocks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ohlone period</h3><br>
<p>On the island are the remains of several shellmounds left from prolonged occupation by Native Americans, most likely people from the Ohlone tribe, sustained by the abundant sea life in the surrounding bay. The first archeological excavation on Brooks Island was conducted by Nels Nelson of UC Berkeley in 1907. A more systematic excavation of the largest shellmound was performed by George Coles (d. 2015) of Contra Costa College during the 1960s, which produced carbon-14 dates of 1,700–2,000 years before present for the oldest materials in the mound. Coles estimates that the Ohlone occupation of the site may date back more than 3,000 years. His study found bones from cormorants, ducks and other waterbirds (but no pelicans). Marine mammal bones included harbor seals, sea lions, porpoises and whales. These early residents used atlatls and harpoons with bone points. Even though the mound showed evidence of large catches of fish, especially herring, there were no fishhooks found, indicating that perhaps nets were used. Mollusks such as mussels, oysters, and clams were a large portion of the diet.</p><br>
<p>Coless research showed that the use of the island was stable over a long period, but not whether occupation there was year-round or seasonal. Kent Lightfoot of UC Berkeley is reanalyzing Coless material to determine whether seasonal patterns can be identified. The latest carbon-14 date from the shellmound material is about 300 years ago, but it is possible that the island was used until the era of European contact.</p><br>
<h3>Early European period</h3><br>
<p>Juan Manuel de Ayala conducted the first nautical survey of San Francisco Bay in 1775 and named the island Isla de Cármen. However, Spanish records from that period do not mention any settlement on the island.</p><br>
<p>By 1850, the island appears on a charts of the bay labeled Brooks Island, a name that was formalized in the state legislature&#39;s definitive map of California in 1853. However, no record has been found as to which Brooks the island was named for.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century the island was also called Sheep Island. One apocryphal story relates how a Croatian immigrant named Luccas Gargurevich who settled on the island in 1870 told his son Anton that "The man on Goat Island raised sheep, and I raised goats, so I have named it Sheep Island. Despite his this, Gargurevich seems unlikely to be the source for this alternative name as Sheep Island appears on an 1856 map. In 1880, Gargurevich was joined on the island by his new wife Dominica, and they had nine children while living there. To educate them, he built a schoolroom and hired a teacher who traveled from Oakland. After Dominica died in childbirth, Luccas and his children left the island. Today, only a stone wall remains from the buildings of this period.</p><br>
<p>Also during the 1870s, the Central Pacific Railroad drew up plans to build a freight terminal on the island, but work was never begun.</p><br>
<p>The first quarry opened on the southern flank of the island in 1892. Quarrying of the greywacke sandstone continued for 46 years until 1938, leading to another alternative name: Rocky Island.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The quarrying operation continued in the early decades of the 20th century, with prisoners from San Quentin reportedly using the stone from this quarry to build the prison&#39;s south cell block (completed in 1913).</p><br>
<p>During World War I the USA Navy considered leveling Brooks Island to build a battleship dock. By 1917, the Navy had determined that the existing Mare Island Naval Shipyard was suitable only for ships with a maximum draft of 30 feet, and that a new yard should be developed in San Francisco Bay to cater for ships up to 40 feet in draft. Starting with a list of 17 localities around the bay, the Navy narrowed this to four: Hunters Point, Alameda, Goat Island (now known as Yerba Buena Island) and Richmond–Albany. The navy&#39;s considered four alternative plans in the Richmond–Albany area. Three of the four would have been at sites between Brooks Island and Point Isabel (to the east); the other plan proposed a site to the west of Brooks Island. However, the dock was eventually built at Hunters Point in San Francisco instead.</p><br>
<p>The island also housed as a shrimp processing factory for a time.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the USA Army Corps of Engineers was assigned to build a breakwater heading west of Brooks Island to protect the Richmond Inner Harbor and preserve the deep Harbor Channel connecting the bay with the Port of Richmond. Again, stone from the quarry at the southern tip of Brooks Island was used for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>The scale of quarrying accelerated from 1918. Sandstone from the Brooks Island quarry was reportedly used for the foundations of Treasure Island (1936-7) and the Bay Bridge toll plaza (1936).</p><br>
<p>Following World War II there were several unrealized plans for the island, including one in the 1950s by the City of Richmond to build a heliport and a causeway from Point Isabel and one by the marine engineering company Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. to flatten the hill in order to facilitate industrial and commercial development.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, the property was leased by the Sheep Island Gun Club, which stocked the island with a variety of exotic game birds, including pheasants, chukar and bobwhite quail for shooting. Club members included singer Frank Sinatra and Vic Bergeron, owner of Trader Vic&#39;s restaurant. At one point, the club attempted to stock the island with deer, but the deer tended to swim back to the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Brooks Island Regional Shoreline</h2><br>
<p>After many attempts at commercial development, the island became part of the East Bay Regional Park District in 1968. Despite the change in ownership, the gun club retained access and kept caretakers on the island until it was opened for limited public access in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Island Regional Shoreline includes both the 75 acre of land above the low-tide line and 300 acres of the surrounding bay. The only public access to the island now is on an EBRPD naturalist tour.</p><br>
<p>Seton Lake is a freshwater fjord draining east via the Seton River into the Fraser River at the town of Lillooet, British Columbia, about 22 km long and 243 m in elevation and 26.2 square kilometres in area. Its depth is 1500 feet.</p><br>
<p>The lake is natural in origin but was raised slightly as part of the Bridge River Power Project, the two main powerhouses of which are on the north shore of the upper end of the lake near Shalalth. At the uppermost end of the lake is the community of Seton Portage and the mouth of the short Seton Portage River, which connects Anderson Lake on the farther side of the Portage to Seton Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Seton Portage River is the main source of natural inflow to Seton Lake, and is primarily fed by Anderson Lake but also by Whitecap Creek, which has its origin on the east slopes of Whitecap Mountain, the highest in the Bendor Range, and by Spider Creek, which has its origin on the north slopes of an unnamed summit to the south of Seton Lake, which happens to be the highest of the Cayoosh Range which lines the south flank of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian National Railway (formerly the British Columbia Railway, originally the Pacific Great Eastern) runs along the north shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the power project, Seton was considered the bluer and clearer and more brilliant of the two lakes. Afterwards, diversion of the glacial silt-laden waters of the Bridge River into Seton Lake have transformed it into a dull turquoise, and Anderson is now considered the bluer of the two lakes.</p><br>
<p>The lake was named in the 1860s by Alexander Caulfield Anderson, who traversed the uncharted territory in 1846, after his cousin and boyhood friend, Lt. Col. Alexander Seton, who was drowned in the wreck of the troopship HMS Birkenhead off the South African coast in 1852. In 1858 the route of the Douglas Road incorporated the lake passage.</p><br>
<p>Stave Lake is a lake and reservoir for the production of hydroelectricity in the Stave River system, located on the northern edge of the District of Mission, about 65 km east of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The main arm of the lake is about 20 km long from north to south and its southwest arm, ending at Stave Falls Dam near Stave Falls, is about 9.5 km long. The total area of the lake currently is about 55 km&sup2;. Prior to construction of the dam, the lake was about one-third the size of its current main arm.</p><br>
<p>The Stave River, the traditional territory of the Skayuks, a vanished Halqemeylem-speaking Coast Salish people related to todays Sto:lo, was a productive salmon river. Huge red cedar trees grew in the valley and these drew sawmilling and cedar shingle interests, notably Stave Lake Cedar Ltd., whose mill was a mile above the damsite. The lower portion of the Stave is called Hayward Lake, formed by Ruskin Dam and formerly a canyon similar to Capilano and Lynn Canyons, and at its head in the grounds of the one-time community of workers housing, there is a recreation area there and the beginning of a lakeside trail using the right-of-way of a railway line.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>The Stave Falls Power Company, later a subsidiary of the BCER, dammed the river in the 1920-22 period. The Stave Falls Dam and Powerhouse, bunkhouses, a community hall, a large workers&#39; community and railway, known as the Stave Falls Branch, were part of these projects. As a result the Upper Stave was raised and flooded the forests, as was also the case later with Hayward Lake, which was formed by the completion of Ruskin Dam and Powerhouse in 1930. The cedar stood in the river for years, though during the 1980s and 1990s the timber been reclaimed by work crews from a prison camp near Sayres Lake (Cedar Lake), adjacent to the opening from the main arm, by prolonged lowerings of the reservoir level to allow for timber extraction.</p><br>
<p>After the dam was built logging lines used the right of way and logged further north into the Stave Valley. The film We&#39;re No Angels was partly filmed at the Stave Dam complex, with a large fake town and impressive (and real) timber cathedral built on pilings into Stave Lake. The whole set was dismantled, although a gazebo-type bandstand was moved to the Hayward Lake Recreation Site just below Stave dam.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbours</h2><br>
<p>Most property neighbouring Stave Lake is controlled by BC Hydro. A small number of private cabins are present on the east shores and Zajac Ranch, a summer camp for children with special needs, is on the south west side of the lake. Access to the east side of the lake is available via Sylvester Road. A large raft can be seen on Google&#39;s satellite image at coordinates 49.309144,-122.320021 which floats around the lake during the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Stave Lake is a popular 4x4 and dirt-biking location because of its extensive mud flats to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Thorong La or Thorung La is a mountain pass with an elevation of 5,416 m above sea level in the Damodar Himal, north of the Annapurna Himal, in central Nepal. The pass is located on a trail which connects the village of Manang in the Manang District to the east, with the temple of Muktinath and the nearby village of Ranipauwa, in the Mustang District to the west. Thorong La is the highest point on the Annapurna Circuit, a 300 km route around the Annapurna mountain range. In addition to trekkers, the pass is regularly used by local traders.</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering</h2><br>
<p>Most trekkers cross the pass from east to west (Manang to Muktinath), which is the easiest and safest direction. It is possible to cross Thorong La from Manang to Muktinath in one day. However, many trekkers choose to spend the night either in Thorong Phedi — which is situated at 4,540 m, or at Thorong High Camp — which is situated at 4,880 m before attempting to go over Thorong La Pass. Choosing this option decreases the elevation gain and loss for that day&#39;s hike, as well as decreasing the distance. The staff of the Himalayan Rescue Association post in Manang recommend that trekkers spend five nights between their arrival in Manang and the crossing to Muktinath. The additional time spent in Manang allows trekkers to acclimatize sufficiently to minimize the risk of acute mountain sickness (AMS). The Himalayan Rescue Association operates a medical clinic at Manang, and a small satellite medical clinic at Thorong Phedi.</p><br>
<p>The route from west to east (Muktinath to Manang) is much more difficult, because it does not allow most trekkers sufficient time for acclimatization to the altitude. For trekkers choosing this direction of travel, the last place where it is possible to spend the night is located at Ranipauwa, where there is a lodge situated at 3,670 m. There is also a very basic lodge located at Muktinath Phedi, situated at 4,190 m, but this lodge is only open seasonally. Trekkers going from west to east must therefore ascend at least 1,230 m and descend at least 540 m in one day.</p><br>
<p>The safest months to cross the pass are March–April and October–November. Attempting to cross Thorong La Pass at other times of the year is dangerous due to the increased risk of avalanches, frostbite and the likelihood of a storm or a whiteout, which can cause trekkers to become disoriented and lost. Trekkers usually depart Thorung Pedi / Thorung High camp a few hours before sunrise, as strong winds typically begin a few hours after sunrise.</p><br>
<h2>Local climate</h2><br>
<p>The local climate on the western side of the pass is much drier than on the eastern side. There is practically no vegetation on the western side, except where irrigated, while in the Manang valley there is much more vegetation and cultivation is possible, while it is still fairly dry, as the valley is protected from the wet southern monsoon winds by the Annapurna mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Glass House or Johnson house, is a historic house museum on Ponus Ridge Road in New Canaan, Connecticut. Built in 1949, it was designed by Philip Johnson as his own residence, and "universally viewed as having been derived from" the Farnsworth House design, according to Alice T. Friedman. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies van der Rohe work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth House. It was an important and influential project for Johnson and for modern architecture. The building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection. The estate includes other buildings designed by Johnson that span his career. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is now owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and is open to the public for guided tours, which begin at a visitors center at 199 Elm Street in New Canaan.</p><br>
<p>The house is an example of early use of industrial materials such as glass and steel in home design. Johnson lived at the weekend retreat for 58 years, and since 1960 with his longtime companion, David Whitney, an art critic and curator who helped design the landscaping and largely collected the art displayed there.</p><br>
<h2>House and property</h2><br>
<p>The house is mostly hidden from the street. It is behind a stone wall at the edge of a crest in Johnson’s estate overlooking a pond. Visitors walk over grass and gravel strips as they approach the building. The building is 56 ft long, 32 ft wide and 10½ feet (3.2 m) high. The kitchen, dining and sleeping areas were all in one glass-enclosed room, which Johnson initially lived in, together with the brick guest house (later the glass-walled building was only used for entertaining). The exterior sides of the Glass House are charcoal-painted steel and glass. The brick floor is 10 inches above the ground. The interior is open with the space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The house builds on ideas of German architects from the 1920s ("Glasarchitektur"). In a house of glass, the views of the landscape are its “wallpaper” ("I have very expensive wallpaper," Johnson once said.) Johnson was also inspired by the design of Mies van der Rohe&#39;s Farnsworth House. Glass House contains several pieces of furniture designed by Mies.</p><br>
<p>The landscape surrounding the buildings was designed by Johnson and Whitney, with manicured areas of gravel or grass, trees grouped in what Johnson called outdoor "vestibules", and with care taken in the shape of the slopes and curves of the ground. In part, the landscape was a reflection of a landscape painting, The Funeral of Phocion by Nicolas Poussin (circa 1648) placed in a seating area of Glass House. The view through the glass walls to the landscaped grounds was strikingly similar, as Johnson designed it to resemble Poussin&#39;s picture. The estate overlooks the valley of the small Rippowam River to the west (seen from the back of Glass House, past a grassy rise). To the north and south are sloping scenery that particularly mimic the painting.</p><br>
<p>Johnson&#39;s rambling estate, originally 47 acres, also includes 13</p><br>
<p>The collection of structures vary between rectangular and circular. The rectangularity of the Glass House itself is complemented with a circular brick fireplace. The Brick House, also rectangular, faces the Glass House, but a nearby concrete, circular sculpture by Donald Judd (untitled, 1971) and small circular pools on either side of it serve to soften the rectangular effect, although structures and objects throughout the estate are arranged to show patterns or repetitions of curves and angles.</p><br>
<p>Several buildings on the property served specific functions: The Glass House was used eventually only for entertaining, and Johnson slept in the Brick House (which was initially used for guest rooms, Johnson&#39;s study and a picture gallery</p><br>
<p>The red and black "Da Monsta" gatehouse, built without right angles and from modified gunite, is one of the few structures visible from the road. The name was chosen after a conversation with architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as Johnson felt the house had the quality of a living thing.</p><br>
<p>The Painting Gallery building is built underground with an entrance modeled on Agamemnons Tomb. Paintings are displayed on a system of three revolving racks of carpeted panels. Johnson and Whitney acquired a large collection over 40 years, but much was sold to support the trust after Johnsons death. The gallery still includes a portrait of Johnson by Andy Warhol as well as works by Frank Stella, Jasper Johns, Julian Schnabel and Robert Rauschenberg. Whitney, a friend of Warhol, Johns and Rauschenberg, took the lead in shaping the art collection.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>In Johnson's lifetime (1906–2005)</h3><br>
<p>Johnson spent three years designing the structure, which was originally one of two buildings (along with the brick guest house) on what was then an 11 acre tract.</p><br>
<p>The Glass House resulted in recognition for Johnson, not just in architectural circles, but also among the public at large. The house was featured in Life magazine, and the New York Times Magazine published a set of cartoons about it. "What really sets Johnson apart " Michael Sorkin wrote in 1978, "is his aptitude for publicity." The Glass House "established Johnson as the titular leader" of Modernist style in 1949. "If it was Mies van der Rohe who provided the real inspiration for the Glass House it was only Johnson who could have built the house and lived in it himself. Johnson&#39;s career began when he turned himself into the Man in the Glass House. In an instant, he became the austere apostle for modern architecture &mdash; or rather the modern apostle for austere architecture." As Life magazine put it in 1949: "Except when entertaining, Johnson lives alone, servantless and accompanied only by weather, paintings and books."</p><br>
<p>The building created such a stir that at one point a police officer was posted nearby to keep out trespassers, and Johnson put up a sign near the street, stating: "This House Is Now Occupied Please Respect the Privacy of the Owner. It will be Open to the Public on specified days".</p><br>
<p>The home also created a stir for Mies van der Rohe, who "stormed out in a huff when he saw it", Ouroussoff wrote. Obviously derived from Mies&#39;s Farnsworth House, the fact that it was finished earlier could easily have made the German architect wonder whether others would get the impression that Johnson had instead done pioneering work for Mies, and it could be seen that "Johnson’s vision lacked the intellectual rigor and exquisite detailing that were so critical to Mies’s genius", according to Ouroussoff.</p><br>
<p>As a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, Johnson had publicized Mies work, and the American acknowledged his debt to the German architect, particularly in a 1950 interview in Architectural Digest magazine. Even though Johnsons building was completed a year before Miess glass house, Johnsons building "was universally viewed as having been derived from it", according to Alice T. Friedman. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth House.</p><br>
<p>For many Yale University architecture students, it was considered a rite of passage for decades after the house was built to sneak onto the property and see how long they could walk around until Whitney discovered them and told them to leave.</p><br>
<h3>After Johnson</h3><br>
<p>Johnson wanted to preserve his estate as a public monument "with the aim of cementing his legacy", even building Da Monsta as a visitors pavilion, according to architecture critic Nicolai Ourousoff (although after Johnson&#39;s death, National Trust officials decided instead to build a Visitor Center in downtown New Canaan).</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. The house was the place of Philip Johnson&#39;s passing on January 25, 2005 at the age of 98. Whitney, his partner, died later the same year and left a bequest to support programming and maintenance of the site. Johnson passed on ownership of the Glass House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which opened it to visitors in April 2007. The trust expanded the size of the property, buying adjacent lots which extended it to 200 acre.</p><br>
<p>When the Glass House estate first opened for public tours in 2007, tickets sold out quickly. By July 2010, 15,000 visitors had taken the tour. The number of tours has been limited, and visitors initially needed to buy tickets months in advance.</p><br>
<h2>Reception</h2><br>
<p>"It is still considered one of his best buildings," according to the Encyclopedia of American Architecture (1980).</p><br>
<p>Glass House itself is inferior to Farnsworth House in "intellectual rigor" and exquisite detailing, according to Nicolai Ouroussoff. For instance, he wrote, the steel I-beams at the corners of Johnson&#39;s building "are clumsily detailed — especially disconcerting in a work of such purity." Nevertheless, the building is "a legitimate aesthetic triumph", with the glass walls beautifully layering silhouetted and reflected images layered on each other, the critic wrote. "he classical references alluded to by its thin brick base and the symmetrical proportions of its frame demonstrate the range of Johnson’s historical knowledge."</p><br>
<p>He criticized the underground picture gallery as too "dark and somber", and said the ability to flip the paintings on movable walls is a more rigid situation than it might first appear, since only six works can be seen at any one time. Ouroussoff praised the sculpture gallery as pleasingly open and rejected criticism that the shadows cast by rafters beneath the skylights distorted the look of the sculpture&mdash;he thought the changing shadows enhanced the artwork.</p><br>
<p>The poor energy efficiency of the Glass House has been widely discussed.</p><br>
<h2>Tours and the Visitor Center</h2><br>
<p>Tour groups are limited to 13 people and include a 3/4-mile walk through the estate. Tours begin and end at the Visitor Center in downtown New Canaan, Connecticut (across from the train station), where vehicles transport each group to the site near the New Canaan-Stamford border. "Standard" tours last 90 minutes and flash photography is not allowed. There is a pure glass tour that only visits the house and is an hour long. Extended tours last two hours and cost more. Tours at twilight and "personalized" tours are also offered. Special Events include a "Dine with Design" picnic and film festival, as well as regularly scheduled Conversations in Context which feature prominent figures in the architecture and design community and take place for a limited number inside The Glass House.</p><br>
<p>The Visitor Center, which was designed to reflect Johnson&#39;s uncluttered aesthetic, includes a "media wall" with multiple video loops running simultaneously on a wall with 24 computer screens. The screens, not meant to be viewed in any order, are meant to reflect the many facets of the architecture, art, landscaping and other features of the estate. When the Visitor Center opened, each of the screens was running a video loop of between two and 20 minutes, centered on a different theme, with a quotation from Johnson, Whitney, or their friends or colleagues.</p><br>
<p>Along with regular tours, special tours are offered for architects and for artists and museum curators. The latter tours may spend extra time in the Painting Gallery and Sculpture Gallery.</p><br>
<p>State Thomas is a Dallas Landmark District in the Uptown area of Dallas, Texas . It borders downtown to the south at Woodall Rodgers Freeway, Bryan Place to the east at US 75 , and LoMac to the north and west.</p><br>
<p>The State Thomas neighborhood contains the largest collection of Victorian-era homes remaining in Dallas. The establishment of the region as a Special Purpose District in 1986 helped make it one of the first new urbanist regions in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Griggs Park</h2><br>
<p>Griggs Park sits on the northeastern edge of State Thomas, where the neighborhood borders Woodall Rodgers Freeway. The pet-friendly park spans 8 acres and features walking paths, benches, groves of trees, and views of both the downtown and uptown Dallas skylines. The park also features a memorial to the park&#39;s namesake, the Rev. A.R. Griggs, a 19th-century Baptist preacher and leader in the historic State Thomas and Freedman’s community.</p><br>
<p>Maytown was the main township on the Palmer River goldfields in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is now a ghost town within locality of Palmer in the Shire of Cook, having been active from to the 1920s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 June 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After James Venture Mulligans discovery of gold on the Palmer River in August 1873, a rush followed and was sustained for several years by further alluvial finds. An estimated twenty to thirty thousand people made their way to the field or Cooktown in the early years. It was regarded as an ideal "small mans field" for diggers without capital and experience had the opportunity to get rich quickly.</p><br>
<p>The alluvial mining communities tended to concentrate in ephemeral canvas camps. The most substantial were Palmerville, Maytown and Byerstown, whose establishment reflected an eastward movement of the mining population along the river. In May 1875 Maytown became the administrative and business centre of the field.</p><br>
<p>Originally called Edwardstown after the local butcher, John (Jack) Edwards, the town was surveyed in 1875 by Archibald Campbell MacMillan. It has been claimed that MacMillan named it Maytown after his daughter; however, his only daughter Mary Eleanor (but known as May) was not born until 3 July 1880 and the name Maytown had been in use since at least 1874. In 1876 there were 12 hotels, 6 stores, 3 bakers, 3 tobacconists and stationers, Edwards the butcher, lemonade factory and a surgeon. The sheer size of the population, estimated in May 1877 at 19,500 for the field, kept money circulating among commercial houses for essentials and luxury goods, but at the same time, there was little financial investment in the permanent manifestations of settlement.</p><br>
<p>By 1882 the number of hotels had declined to six, and there were two European Stores, 10 Chinese stores, two banks, two butchers, baker, blacksmith, saddler, chemist, lemonade factory and printer. A post office existed from 1876 to 1945. By 1877, the Golden Age newspaper was printed followed by the Palmer Chronicle in 1883.</p><br>
<p>Mining Warden Phillip Sellheim, an educated family man residing at Maytown, bemoaned the lack of social institutions and initiated the establishment of a hospital, school and Miners Institute Library, although these did not eventuate until the 1880s when most of Maytowns population had departed. There was no Christian church, but there was a Chinese temple.</p><br>
<p>By the turn of the century the town had a branch of the Queensland Government Savings Bank, a state school, courthouse, school of arts, hospital, police barracks, one hotel, eight stores - four of which were Chinese, a baker, saddler and Miners Institute. In 1900, the town had a population of 674 (252 Europeans and 422 Chinese).</p><br>
<p>By 1924 only Wah Chong and Company&#39;s store remained operating. Buildings like the school, which closed in 1925, remained abandoned until World War II in the hope of a mining revival. The town was largely abandoned by 1945.</p><br>
<p>Today there are only the remains of the baker&#39;s oven, stone kerb and channeling along the former Leslie Street, telegraph poles, floor paving, a cemetery with 16 headstones from 1875 to 1986 remaining and in Duff Street a replica hut built by the Palmer River Historical Preservation Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The township is located on the north bank of the Palmer River near the junction of Butchers Creek. The area contains a high concentration of building surfaces and footings. Some street alignments are discernible and one street contains carefully laid stone kerbing and gutters. Dominant structural remains include a brick bakers oven, timber uprights for the school, a Chinese temple site, and burnt timber stumps and corrugated iron sheets of the police station. A stone commemorative cairn and an (inaccurate) replica of a miner&#39;s hut have recently been constructed in the centre of the town site. The cemetery contains about 40 identifiable graves including 16 with headstones.</p><br>
<p>The earliest headstone is dated 1875. The latest headstone is dated 1986 marking Sam Elliott&#39;s grave. There is no surviving plant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Maytown Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Maytown Township is significant as the major settlement on the Palmer goldfield. Founded beyond the frontier of pastoral occupation, it became an important centre for administration, communications and cultural contact with local Aboriginal people and Chinese miners. The town site contains building footings associated with administration and commerce.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The presence of stone kerb and channelling is rare on far northern goldfields and survives as testimony to the desire for a permanent settlement in the region. Other structural remains are well represented and better documented than at other abandoned mining centres in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Maytown cemetery is a significant cultural heritage component of the place and contains important historical documentation for the interpretation and understanding of those who lived in the area whilst gold mining operations were thriving along the Palmer River.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As the commercial centre for the Palmer River goldfield, Maytown Town Reserve still demonstrates an extensive coverage of historical archaeological remains including campsites, graves, pig ovens and charcoal kilns. The township site and associated places are central to understanding and interpretation of the entire Palmer River goldfield.</p><br>
<h2>Associated heritage listings</h2><br>
<p>In addition, Maytown is associated with other heritage-listed sites from the Palmer goldfields era, including:</p><br>
<p>Conglomerate Range: Wild Irish Girl Mine and Battery</p><br>
<p>Laura to Maytown: Laura to Maytown Coach Road</p><br>
<p>Palmerville Station: Alexandra Mine and Battery</p><br>
<p>The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was established in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1871 as a centralized forum for the trade of cotton. It operated in New Orleans until closing in 1964. Occupying several buildings over its history, its final location, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building, is now a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was conceived and financed by a group of cotton factors at a time when one-third of the entire production of cotton in the United States was sent through New Orleans. The Exchange sought to bring order to what was a highly speculative and often erratic cotton pricing system by providing a centralized trading office where people involved in the cotton business could obtain information about market conditions and prices. The Exchange also established standards for classification of cotton and facilitated payments between buyers and sellers.</p><br>
<p>The New York Cotton Exchange opened in 1870. Concerned that trading of cotton in New York would be more advantageous to buyers than sellers, and eager to modernize their operations, New Orleans merchants agreed to form their own exchange. Consequently, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange opened for business on February 20, 1871 at the corner of Gravier and Carondelet Streets, in an area already frequented by cotton merchants.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange was notable for developing advanced techniques for gathering information about various aspects of the cotton market. Led by Col. Henry G. Hester, for many years the secretary of the Exchange, reports were compiled and then transmitted by telegraph, a novel method at the time. Col. Hester also brought the practice of futures trading to the Exchange. These advanced business methods benefited the local cotton market greatly, so much so that it "enabled New Orleans to regain its position as the primary spot market of the world and to become a leading futures market, outranked only by Liverpool and New York."</p><br>
<p>Later years saw the decline of the Exchange as fluctuating market conditions, government regulations, price supports, the decline of cotton in the South, and various other factors conspired to shrink the Southern cotton market drastically. The Exchange closed in 1964. A handful of attempts were made in later years to restart a similar exchange, but none were successful.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The Exchange had its 1871 opening in a series of rented rooms in an existing building at Gravier and Carondelet streets. Although they moved several times, the Exchange did not leave this intersection until its closing in 1964. After constructing and then outgrowing a small building nearby on Gravier, the Exchange built a palatial Second Empire building in 1883, at the northern corner of Gravier and Carondelet. Noted for its lavish interiors, the building soon became a landmark in the city.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1916, the building was deemed unsafe and planning began for a replacement. World War I and several other factors conspired to delay the construction of the replacement until 1920, and the original plans for an equally lavish replacement building were scaled back.</p><br>
<p>The resulting structure was much more modest, modeled after a Renaissance palazzo; the architects were Favrot and Livaudais. The Cotton Exchange occupied this building until its 1964 closure, selling the building in 1962 and merely renting space for the last two years of operation.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building is a hotel in the New Orleans Central Business District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and has been named a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Degas painting</h2><br>
<p>The renowned French artist Edgar Degas painted the picture of a cotton office, seen here, in 1873 while visiting his mother&#39;s Louisiana relatives.</p><br>
<p>Although certain sources label the painting as depicting the Cotton Exchange, the setting of the painting is actually the office of a cotton factor in a nearby building known as "Factors&#39; Row."</p><br>
<p>Dumbarton House is a Federal style house located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was completed around 1800. Its first occupant was Joseph Nourse, the first Register of the Treasury. Dumbarton House, a federal period historic house museum, stands on approximately an acre of gardens on the northern edge of Georgetown, District of Columbia. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Displaying a fine collection of period decorative arts , it gives the visitor a concrete sense of a substantial private residence in the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1798-99, the house was a private residence until The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America (NSCDA) purchased it for its headquarters in 1928 and gave it the name it has today. In addition to meeting its administrative needs, the NSCDA wanted to illustrate domestic life in Georgetown in the early federal period. To achieve this, its two principal floors were opened to the public as a house museum in 1932, on the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Dumbarton House was built by Samuel Jackson, a Philadelphia merchant, just before the Federal government moved from Philadelphia to the newly established national capital of Washington, a separate town in the District of Columbia. However, Jackson and his family lived there only briefly and the mortgage he had given, and then title to the property, soon passed to the United States. In 1804, the property was purchased at auction by Joseph Nourse, the first Register of the United States Treasury. An advertisement for the upcoming sale described the interior of the house in some detail:</p><br>
<p>"... a large two story brick house with a passage through the center, four rooms on a floor & good cellars. The front rooms are about 17 by 18 feet – the back rooms are semicircular and are about 22 by 17 feet – the passage 9 feet wide and 38 feet long – two brick offices two stories high 17 feet 6 inches square & are connected with the House by covered ways...."</p><br>
<p>In 1813, the Nourses sold the property to Charles Carroll of Belle Vue.(He was a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence.)The purchaser was also a friend of President James Madison and his wife Dolley. It is this “Mr. Carroll” to whom Dolley is referring in her famous letter describing the events of August 24, 1814, the day the British burned the "President&#39;s House" in the War of 1812. "... Our kind friend, Mr. Carroll, has come to hasten my departure, and is in a very bad humor with me because I insist on waiting until the large picture of Gen. Washington is secured, and it requires to be unscrewed from the wall.... " When Dolley was finally satisfied that the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington was safe, she came to Dumbarton House, as Mr. Carroll told her the President had requested, to await further word on where the couple should meet.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>Another dramatic event in the house&#39;s history occurred in 1915. By that time, Georgetown and Washington had been merged into a single political entity, although physically separated by Rock Creek. To facilitate traffic between the two communities, a new bridge was to be constructed, joining the segments of Q Street lying on opposite sides of Rock Creek and continuing Q Street to westward to Wisconsin Avenue. However, at that time, Dumbarton House was positioned approximately 50–60 feet to the south of its present location – right in the middle of Q Street. The owners had only two choices – move the house or demolish it. Since the center portion of the house had a full basement, it was jacked up, "... hoisted onto rollers, one animal, whether a horse or a mule has never been established, was attached to a windlass, and slowly it was hauled back..." and placed on a new foundation. "Its wings had no cellars so they were dismantled and then rebuilt."</p><br>
<p>In 1932 when Dumbarton House first opened, it was furnished with donated pieces dating generally to the revolutionary and federal periods (1790s through 1820), although occasionally earlier and sometimes later. The house is currently undergoing reinstallation and refurnishing to more accurately reflect the years of the Nourse residence (1804–13). In 2006, the Dumbarton House Board commissioned an in-depth study of the Nourses furnishings and decorative style. Information was drawn from Nourse family correspondence and Joseph Nourses account books. Gaps in the picture were filled with data from inventories of the same period and locale, newspapers advertisements, and paintings and prints. The results of the study, properly called a Historic Furnishings Plan, are in the process of being implemented.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the Belin family, owners of the neighboring estate, Evermay, gave the NSCDA the property lying directly to the east and adjacent to Dumbarton House. Subsequently, noted Virginia landscape architect M. Meade Palmer designed the East Garden, and in 2010, Georgetown landscape architect Guy Williams of DCA Landscape Architects, Inc., created and supervised the installation of an herb garden within the East Garden.</p><br>
<p>Today, Dumbarton House offers both guided and self-guided tours, as well as concerts, lectures, special exhibitions, and other cultural events. It also has a large ballroom opening onto a walled terrace, providing a site that can be rented for weddings or other events.</p><br>
<p>The Old West Church is a historic church at 131 Cambridge Street in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts. It was built in 1806 to designs by architect Asher Benjamin, and is considered one of his finest works. It is monumentally-scaled example of ecclesiastical Federal architecture, whose design was widely copied throughout New England.</p><br>
<p>The church also played a role in the American Revolution. It was here that the phrase "no taxation without representation" was first coined.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The first church on this site was built in 1737 as a wood-frame building, and was occupied as a barracks by British troops during their occupation of the city prior to the American Revolution. The British destroyed its tower in 1775 when they suspected that American Colonials were signaling to Cambridge from the spire.</p><br>
<p>In 1806 the congregation commissioned Asher Benjamin to design a new church building. As in the architects earlier Charles Street Meeting House (1804), its -story brick entry tower is crowned with a cupola; the whole tower projects outward somewhat from the church hall behind. Four shallow brick pilasters, each two stories high and trimmed with white wood, separate the three entry doors. Each door is echoed by a window above it. The towers third story is outfitted with pairs of Doric pilasters. On the final half-story beneath the cupola are clocks on each face of the tower, each adorned with a light swag. On the back wall, the original central pulpit window has been filled in with brickwork.</p><br>
<p>Old Wests preaching played a major role in American history. Jonathan Mayhew, the churchs second Congregational pastor, coined the phrase, "no taxation without representation" in a sermon in Old West. His preaching was theologically radical as well, and is held by some Unitarians to have predated William Ellery Channing in his exposition of anti-trinitarian views. By the early 19th century, the resultant Unitarianism had converted 9 of Boston’s original 13 orthodox Congregational churches.</p><br>
<p>The church was originally and for 150 years Congregational, a branch of the Boston Public Library 1894–1960, and has been owned by the United Methodist Church since 1961. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architectural significance in 1970.</p><br>
<p>There are three houses named the Harrison Gray Otis House in Boston, Massachusetts. All were built by noted American architect Charles Bulfinch for the same man, Federalist lawyer and politician Harrison Gray Otis.</p><br>
<h2>First Harrison Gray Otis House</h2><br>
<p>The first Otis house, built in 1796, is located at 141 Cambridge Street, next to the Old West Church in Boston&#39;s West End. It is now a National Historic Landmark, and a historic house museum owned and operated by Historic New England, which also uses part of it as its administrative headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Second Harrison Gray Otis House</h2><br>
<p>The 2nd Harrison Gray Otis House is located at 85 Mount Vernon Street. It is a large, square, Federal-style mansion in densely developed Beacon Hill, built in 1800–1802. It is three stories in height, with brick walls laid in Flemish bond, and is set on a parcel with a relatively ample lawn, and a semicircular cobblestone drive, the latter a rare surviving remnant of the original vision for the development of Beacon Hill by the Mount Vernon Proprietors. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>In this house Bulfinch has made the first floor with his characteristic recessed brick arches, here ornamented with Chinese fretwork balconies in iron. The facade has four bays, with somewhat odd use of Corinthian pilasters on the 2nd and 3rd floors. There is a roof balustrade and a largish, octagonal cupola. Otis lived here until 1806.</p><br>
<h2>Third Harrison Gray Otis House</h2><br>
<p>The 3rd Harrison Gray Otis House is located at 45 Beacon Street. Completed in 1806, it is now the home of the American Meteorological Society. This is the last and largest of the houses, also built in the Federal style, and the residence of Otis until his death in 1848. Its four stories are organized into five bays. The center entrance has a small, rectangular portico with delicate pairs of Ionic fluted columns. The modest ground floor, now faced in stone, originally had the recessed brick arches typical of Bulfinch houses. When built, the house was freestanding, surrounded by the Boston Common and English gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Ranges are the southernmost subdivision of the Coast Mountains portion of the Pacific Cordillera. Located entirely within British Columbia, Canada, they run northwest from the lower stretches of the Fraser River to Bella Coola and Burke Channel, north of which are the Kitimat Ranges. The Coast Mountains lie between the Interior Plateau and the Coast of British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Ranges include four of the five major coastal icecaps in the southern Coast Mountains. These are the largest temperate-latitude icecaps in the world and fuel a number of very major rivers (by volume, not length). One of these contains Mount Waddington, the highest summit entirely within British Columbia. Also within this region is Hunlen Falls, among the highest in Canada, located in Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Other than logging and various hydroelectric developments, and a large ski resort at Whistler, most of the land in the range is completely undeveloped. Historically, in the southern part of the range, mining was important at various times in the Lillooet, Bridge River and Squamish areas, and large pulp and paper mills at Powell River, Port Mellon and Woodfibre. The largest hydroelectric development in the Pacific Ranges is the Bridge River Power Project, though smaller hydro plants are on the Stave River-Alouette Lake system in Mission and Maple Ridge, the Daisy Lake-Squamish River division of the Cheakamus Powerhouse, and another power dam and power plant at Clowhom. Although the range was extensively surveyed for possible rail routes, only that of the Pacific Great Eastern (now part of CN) was eventually built; the Homathko River-Bute Inlet route, however, was one of the two main choices in the deliberations of the CPR&#39;s routing.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Ranges are part of the southern portion of the Coast Plutonic Complex and has been characterized by rapid rates of uplift over the past 4 million years, which has led to relatively high rates of erosion.</p><br>
<p>The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is within the Pacific Ranges, which is a volcanic belt formed by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate (a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone. The belt is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States (which includes the volcanoes Mount St. Helens and Mount Baker) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada. The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive, with compositions from basalt to rhyolite. Morphologically, centers include calderas, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses. Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations, many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition, topography, and changing ice configurations. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was from Mount Meager 2,350 BP, which is Canada&#39;s most recent major catastrophic eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt contains 2 extra volcanic fields, the Franklin Glacier Volcano and the Silverthrone Caldera, which lie 140 and 190 km northwest of the main volcanic belt.</p><br>
<p>The Cascadia subduction zone is a 680 mi (1,094 km) long fault, running 50 mi (80 km) off the west-coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island. The plates move at a relative rate of over 0.4 inches (10 mm) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone.</p><br>
<p>Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no oceanic trench present along the continental margin in Cascadia. Instead, terranes and the accretionary wedge have been uplifted to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains. A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers (Fraser River, Columbia River, and Klamath River) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench. However, in common with most other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant spring. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes, such as the 8.7–9.2 Cascadia earthquake of 1700.</p><br>
<h2>Major Named Subranges</h2><br>
<p>Niut Range</p><br>
<p>Pantheon Range</p><br>
<p>Waddington Range</p><br>
<p>Whitemantle Range</p><br>
<p>Chilcotin Ranges</p><br>
<p>Shulaps Range</p><br>
<p>Dickson Range</p><br>
<p>Camelsfoot Range</p><br>
<p>Bendor Range</p><br>
<p>Lillooet Ranges</p><br>
<p>Cayoosh Range</p><br>
<p>Cantilever Range</p><br>
<p>Douglas Ranges</p><br>
<p>Garibaldi Ranges</p><br>
<p>North Shore Mountains (Front Ranges)</p><br>
<p>Tantalus Range</p><br>
<p>Clendinning Range</p><br>
<p>the Camelsfoot Range running north along the west bank of the Fraser from Lillooet is sometimes considered to be part of the Chilcotin Ranges, but in other definitions is part of the Interior Plateau</p><br>
<p>Many smaller ranges and subranges are not listed at present.</p><br>
<h2>Major Icefields</h2><br>
<p>(Other than the Waddington Range these are also considered to be "ranges" but are listed separately here because of their unique character).</p><br>
<p>Monarch Icefield</p><br>
<p>Ha-Iltzuk Icefield (Silverthrone Glacier)</p><br>
<p>Waddington Range</p><br>
<p>Homathko Icefield</p><br>
<p>Lillooet Icecap (Lillooet Crown)</p><br>
<p>Pemberton Icecap</p><br>
<h2>Major Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Mount Waddington</p><br>
<p>Monarch Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Tiedemann</p><br>
<p>Mount Munday</p><br>
<p>Mount Queen Bess</p><br>
<p>Mount Good Hope</p><br>
<p>Mount Raleigh</p><br>
<p>Monmouth Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Tatlow</p><br>
<p>Taseko Mountain</p><br>
<p>Mount Silverthrone</p><br>
<p>Mount Meager</p><br>
<p>Mount Cayley</p><br>
<p>Mount Garibaldi</p><br>
<p>Wedge Mountain</p><br>
<h2>Provincial Parks</h2><br>
<p>Garibaldi Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Golden Ears Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Cypress Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Mount Seymour Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Sasquatch Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Stein Valley Nlaka&#39;pamux Heritage Park</p><br>
<p>Birkenhead Lake Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Big Creek Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Spruce Lake Protected Area</p><br>
<p>Ts&#39;il?os Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Tweedsmuir North Provincial Park and Protected Area</p><br>
<p>Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>List is incomplete</p><br>
<p>Some Protected areas, recreation areas and other non-park preservation areas are not listed.</p><br>
<h2>Major Rivers</h2><br>
<p>Fraser River</p><br>
<p>Chilcotin River</p><br>
<p>Bridge River</p><br>
<p>Lillooet River</p><br>
<p>Squamish River</p><br>
<p>Homathko River</p><br>
<p>Klinaklini River</p><br>
<p>Bella Coola River</p><br>
<p>Many relatively unknown rivers of considerable size along the coastal flank of the range are not listed, partly because they are largely unknown and also very difficult to access. For a full listing of rivers in the Pacific Ranges, see List of rivers of the Pacific Ranges.</p><br>
<p>Harrison Lake is the largest lake in the southern Coast Mountains of Canada, being about 250 square kilometres  in area. It is about 60 km  in length and at its widest almost 9 km  across. Its southern end, at the resort community of Harrison Hot Springs, is c. 95 km east of downtown Vancouver. East of the lake are the Lillooet Ranges while to the west are the Douglas Ranges. The lake is the last of a series of large north-south glacial valleys tributary to the Fraser along its north bank east of Vancouver, British Columbia. The others to the west are the Chehalis, Stave, Alouette, Pitt, and Coquitlam Rivers.</p><br>
<p>At the north end of the lake is a small First Nations community of the In-SHUCK-ch Nation, Port Douglas, known in the Statimcets language as Xaxtsa (ha-htsa). There are three hot springs along the shores of the lake or near it, including near Port Douglas, at Clear Creek, a tributary of Silver River, and at Harrison Hot Springs. Doctors Point on the lakes northwest shore was a village and Transformer site, with a large rock painting depicting either the spirit of the winds that rule travel on the lake, or a medicine man turned to stone by the Transformer.</p><br>
<p>As with any large body of water, safe swimming practices should be employed during recreational use at Harrison Lake. The lake may impose a higher risk to recreational users than other BC lakes as it is colder than many of the lakes in the surrounding areas. Harrison Lake was implicated in the deaths of three people in 2015, and five total since 2008. There is an initiative underway to post warning signs about the lake&#39;s colder water that can impose a hypothermic risk to swimmers who attempt swimming far distances away from the safety of the shore.</p><br>
<p>The main waterflow coming into the lake is the Lillooet River, where there is a small bay named Little Harrison Lake. At the head of this bay was one of British Columbia&#39;s main ghost towns, Port Douglas; today on its eastern shore is the rancherie (village) or the Port Douglas Band of the In-SHUCK-ch Nation. Halfway down Harrison Lake on its eastern shore is the valley of the Silver River, also known as the Big Silver River, one of its tributaries being the Little Silver.</p><br>
<p>Opposite Silver River on the west shore of Harrison Lake is Twenty-Mile Bay. Mid-lake between the Silver River and Twenty-Mile Bay is the northern end of the lakes longest and largest island, aptly named Long Island, 9.5 km long, 2.6 km wide. The other main island of any size in the lake is Echo Island, 4 km long and 2.2 km wide. It is offshore from Harrison Hot Springs, and is immediately east of the forested canyon of the Harrison River at the lakes outflow. The Harrison enters the Fraser near the community of Chehalis.</p><br>
<p>Harrison Lake was important in the early history of British Columbia as one of the water links on the Douglas Road, which accessed the goldfields of the upper Fraser during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858-60.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>Pitt Lake is the second-largest lake in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. About 53.5 square kilometres in area, it is about 25 km long and about 4.5 km wide at its widest. It is one of the worlds relatively few tidal lakes, and among the largest. In Pitt Lake, there is on average a three foot tide range; thus Pitt Lake is separated from sea level and tidal waters during most hours of each day during the 15 foot tide cycle of the Pitt River and Strait of Georgia estuary immediately downstream. The lakes southern tip is 20 km upstream from The Pitt River confluence with the Fraser River and is 40 km east of Downtown Vancouver.</p><br>
<p>Pitt Lake is in a typical U-shaped glacial valley in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. The overdeepening of the lower end of the valley over the span of the Wisconsin glaciation created a trough over 140 m below current sea level. After initial glacial retreat at around 13,000 years ago a saltwater fjord occupied this basin when relative sea levels were still ca 120 to 140m above current levels in the region. Unlike neighbouring Indian Arm and Howe Sound farther west, this fjord basin became partly cut off from tidal waters by sedimentation of the lower Fraser River ca 10,500 years ago, and Pitt Lake is now considered a tidal fjord lake.</p><br>
<p>The community of Pitt Meadows occupies the marshy lowland at the southern end of the lake, some of which has become drained and is known as the Pitt Polder. Just southwest of the lake is the community of Port Coquitlam, which is across the Pitt River from Pitt Meadows. At the north end of the lake is a locality named Alvin, which is a transport and shipping point for logging companies and their employees. The Upper Pitt, meaning the valley upstream from the lake, is considered one of BC&#39;s best fly-fishing rivers and one of its best steelhead streams.</p><br>
<p>The lake is popular with boaters and canoeists, but is prone to heavy winds and rains as well as big waves (due to its great depth). The mountain range on its east flank comprises Golden Ears Provincial Park, its basin to the north is in southern Garibaldi Provincial Park, while the mountain range on its west, northeast of Vancouver&#39;s Coquitlam Lake watershed reservoir, is Pinecone Burke Provincial Park. The waterfront and foreshore of the lake and river are public-access and include extensive migratory wildfowl habitat. Part of it is protected by BC Parks as the Pitt Polder Ecological Reserve. There is a destination golfing resort in the Pitt Polder area called Swan-e-set. Also at the south end of Pitt Lake, adjacent to the Polder, is Pitt Lake Indian Reserve 5.</p><br>
<p>The largest mainland British Columbia lake is Harrison Lake, 60 km to the east, which is the last in a series of north-south lake and river combinations that line the north bank of the Fraser River in its last stretch west through BC&#39;s Lower Mainland. Others are those of the valleys of the Coquitlam, Alouette, Stave, and Chehalis Lakes, beyond which is Harrison.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The area along the east side of the lake is somewhat notorious for being the reputed location of Slumachs lost gold mine, the location of many failed and sometimes disastrous searches for the alleged murderers lost gold mine. Local historian Bill Barlee has said "that this highly colourful and interesting tale, accepted as fact by a host of treasure seekers, probably does not exist."</p><br>
<p>According to Barlee by the geological information available it would appear unlikely that a gold deposit would be found in the region of Pitt Lake. Historian Garnet Basque states that geologists are convinced that the region around Pitt Lake is not gold bearing.</p><br>
<p>The lost mine of Pitt Lake is a story without scientific support.</p><br>
<p>Otter Lake is the name of several lakes and one village in the U.S. state of Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The largest Otter Lake is in southeast Portage Township of Houghton County at 46&deg;54&prime;48&Prime;N latitude, 88&deg;34&prime;25&Prime;W longitude. The lake is fed by the Otter River and it drains into the Sturgeon River.</p><br>
<p>The next largest Otter Lake is at 43&deg;13&prime;07&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;27&prime;37&Prime;W longitude on the boundary between Marathon Township in Lapeer County and Forest Township in Genesee County. The southern two thirds of the lake is within the Village of Otter Lake, which also straddles the boundary between the two counties. The lake and village are less than one mile (1.6 km) from the southern boundary of Tuscola County. The lake is 0.21 km² (56 acres or 0.8 mi²) with a maximum depth of approximately 45.7 m (150 ft). There is a public boat launch, dock, swim beach, and campground, as well as private homes on the shoreline. In the center of the lake are two prominent sandbars that reduce the water depth to much less than a meter in several locations. It is connected to Powderhorn lake on its northern end.</p><br>
<p>Other Otter Lakes in Michigan:</p><br>
<p>In Au Train Township, Alger County at 46&deg;18&prime;42&Prime;N latitude, 86&deg;43&prime;44&Prime;W longitude within Hiawatha National Forest</p><br>
<p>In Benzie County at 44&deg;44&prime;26&Prime;N latitude, 86&deg;03&prime;41&Prime;W longitude on the boundary between Lake Township and Platte Township within the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore</p><br>
<p>In Marcellus Township, Cass County at 42&deg;03&prime;40&Prime;N latitude, 85&deg;51&prime;27&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>In Grant Township, Clare County at 43&deg;51&prime;35&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;50&prime;34&Prime;W longitude about 1.5 mi north-northeast of Farwell.</p><br>
<p>In Argentine Township, Genesee County at 42&deg;49&prime;20&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;49&prime;49&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>In Crystal Falls Township, Iron County at 46&deg;15&prime;12&Prime;N latitude, 88&deg;20&prime;46&Prime;W longitude within Copper Country State Forest, although not on state-owned land</p><br>
<p>In Keweenaw County at 48&deg;04&prime;38&Prime;N latitude, 88&deg;45&prime;08&Prime;W longitude on the north side of Isle Royale</p><br>
<p>In McMillan Township, Luce County at 46&deg;35&prime;45&Prime;N latitude, 85&deg;39&prime;32&Prime;W longitude within Lake Superior State Forest, part of a chain of lakes the drain into the Two Hearted River</p><br>
<p>In southeast Waterford Township, Oakland County at 42&deg;37&prime;43&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;20&prime;52&Prime;W longitude, opening into Sylvan Lake on the east and connecting with Cass Lake on the southeast via a segment of the Clinton River</p><br>
<p>In Seney Township, Schoolcraft County at 46&deg;29&prime;10&Prime;N latitude, 86&deg;12&prime;40&Prime;W longitude, near the boundary with Alger County</p><br>
<p>Nusa Kambangan  island is located in the Indian Ocean, separated by a narrow strait from the south coast of Java; the closest port is Cilacap in Central Java province. Dubbed by one international journalist the "Alcatraz of Indonesia", the island is notorious for its maximum security prisons, home to convicted murderers, terrorists, drug traffickers, and those convicted in high-profile corruption cases. It is sometimes known as Execution Island because the island is the main location for carrying out capital punishment around Java.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was made into a prison island during the Dutch period. The colonial government built a high security prison on the isolated island to exile criminals and political dissidents. The prison on Nusakambangan was opened in the mid-1920s by Indonesia&#39;s Dutch colonial rulers and was once considered the harshest penal institution in Southeast Asia. The island was declared off-limits in 1905 by the Dutch.</p><br>
<p>Its use as a prison island continued after independence. During the rule of former President Suharto, hundreds of political dissidents were imprisoned on the island. Most were political prisoners, members of the banned Communist Party of Indonesia or sympathizers. These political prisoners were never brought to trial, and many of them died from hunger or illness.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the island was finally opened to the public as a tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>The island has also been involved in refugee handling. About 140 Afghan refugees were detained on the island after their boat, which was en route to Christmas Island, Australia, sank in rough seas on August 17, 2001. However, more than 90 of these refugees would later escape on September 19, 2001, sailing away in small fishing boats and are believed to have headed for Australia.</p><br>
<p>The island was also affected by the 2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami, when a 7.7-magnitude undersea earthquake occurred off the coast of west Java. At least 11 villagers disappeared and 8 people were killed in the ensuing tsunami, two of which were prisoners at one of the Permisan prisons. At least fifteen inmates on the Nusakambangan prison island near Pangandaran were also missing.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Nusakambangan is separated from Java by the narrow Segara Anakan strait. Being isolated from mainland Java, the island is relatively under-developed and less inhabited and the wildlife is better preserved. The eastern side of a bay is a nature reserve area where an old Dutch fortress is located on the Karangbandung beach. As a lowland tropical rain forest, Nusakambangan is biologically diverse.</p><br>
<p>More than 71 different bird species, 14 reptile species and various mammal species are found in the island. Twenty-three bird species are classified as protected, including Pacific reef heron (Egretta sacra), woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), and crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela). Several other protected mammal species include the black-spotted leopard (Panthera pardus), Javan muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and Javan mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus). Four of six endemic primates in Java, namely Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Javan surili (Presbytis comata), and kukang (Nycticebus sp.), have been reported to live on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island population is 3,000, excluding the prison inmates and staff; most inhabitants are Javanese. Their main occupation is fishery and some work in rubber and teak plantations. However, illegal logging activities, mostly conducted by outsiders, threaten the island environment. Such activities have resulted in a vast critically threatened land area of approximately 30 km.</p><br>
<h2>Prisons</h2><br>
<p>There are nine prisons built in the island, four of which are still used:</p><br>
<p>Permisan prison, built in 1908,</p><br>
<p>Batu prison, built in 1925,</p><br>
<p>Besi prison, built in 1929,</p><br>
<p>Kembangkuning prison, built in 1950.</p><br>
<p>There are also five inactive prisons:</p><br>
<p>Nirbaya prison, built in 1912,</p><br>
<p>Karanganyar prison, built in 1912,</p><br>
<p>Karangtengah prison, built in 1928,</p><br>
<p>Gliger prison, built in 1929,</p><br>
<p>Limusbuntu prison, built in 1935.</p><br>
<p>All of these were built by the Dutch, except Kembangkuning prison, which was built after independence. Of these, Batu (literally "stone") prison is considered the most famous.</p><br>
<h3>Notable inmates</h3><br>
<p>Famous people imprisoned on the island include:</p><br>
<p>Pramoedya Ananta Toer, poet and novelist, jailed on the island July - August 1969 as political prisoner.</p><br>
<p>Bob Hasan, former Minister of Forestry, convicted of corruption charges,</p><br>
<p>Imam Samudra, Amrozi, and Ali Gufron, three men convicted of organising the 2002 Bali bombing. They were executed there by firing squad on November 9, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Tommy Suharto, son of former president Suharto, convicted of masterminding the murder of the judge who sentenced him for corruption.</p><br>
<p>Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva and Marianus Riwu, three men convicted as provocateurs and mastermind of a deadly riot in Central Sulawesi; they have been executed there.</p><br>
<p>Australians Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, the ringleaders of the so-called Bali Nine group were arrested at Denpasar airport in April 2005 for drug trafficking and sentenced in 2006 to execution by firing squad. They were executed by firing squad on April 29, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte, mentally ill drug smuggler. He was executed by firing squad on April 29, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Filipina Mary Jane Veloso, arrested and sentenced to death for allegedly smuggling 2.6 kg of heroin into Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>Nusakambangan has also held hundreds of members of Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, but they were later released as part of a peace deal.</p><br>
<p>In June 2007, 244 inmates convicted in various drugs and narcotics offences were transported to the new Super Maximum Security Prison (SMS) in Nusakambangan. These inmates came from various prisons in the country. The moving is intended to isolate them and cut drug circulation in Indonesia.</p><br>
<h3>Executions</h3><br>
<p>On November 2008, Imam Samudra, Amrozi, and Ali Gufron, three men convicted for their roles in the 2002 Bali bombing were executed by firing squad at Nusa Kambangan after their appeals for clemency were turned down.</p><br>
<p>In late 2014, the government of President Joko Widodo announced that the execution of persons convicted of drug-related offences would be resumed. Appeals for clemency from six convicted drug dealers were turned down. The resumption of executions attracted considerable international publicity. Shortly after midnight on Sunday 18 January 2015, five convicted persons were executed by firing squad at Nusakambangan Island and another person convicted of drug dealing was executed, at the same time, in a separate prison in Boyolali in Central Java. The Dutch and Brazilian governments announced that their ambassadors to Indonesia would be temporarily withdrawn in protest since Dutch and Brazilian nationals were amongst the executed.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>From the mid-1990s, the island was intermittently promoted by local authorities as a tourist destination, primarily for its caves, beaches, and unusual wildlife that is extinct on Java.</p><br>
<p>Notable attractions include Permisan beach (Pantai Permisan) with its beautiful white and gray sands near the Permisan jail lighthouse, Ranca Babakan on the west coast of the island, White Sands beach (Pantai Pasir Putih), and several caves such as Queen&#39;s cave (Goa Ratu). According to the Cilacap Tourism Office, Nusakambangan was opened as a tourist destination following an agreement between the Central Java Governor and Ministry of Justice in 1996. The Cilacap government then invested some Rp 1.7 billion (around $200,000) in preparations for the opening up of the island, most of which was used on the construction of tourist-related infrastructure. A special agency was also established to manage tourism on the island, with the Nusakambangan Prison warden made head of the agency and Cilacap Tourism Office chief as the deputy. No individual tourists are allowed, all of the tourists within a group of minimum 15 persons which is arranged by tourist agency then will be accompanied by security officers until maximum 6 p.m without overnight stay.</p><br>
<p>One of the main cultural events is Sedekah Laut (sea sacrifice), which is held by the Surakarta Sunanate every Satu Suro (new year) in the Javanese calendar.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>In early 2015, 40 percent of Nusa Kambangan is spoiled by illegal logging and land clearing for plantations. Most of it is occurring in Selokjero, Bantapanjang, Kalijati, Jengkolan, Jongorasu, and Karanglena.</p><br>
<p>The Snake River is a 104 mi tributary of the St. Croix River in east-central Minnesota in the United States. It is one of three streams in Minnesota with this name ). Its name is a translation from the Ojibwa Ginebigo-ziibi, after the Dakota peoples who made their homes along this river. Kanabec County is named after this river.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Snake River with its tributaries drains a 1,009 square miles area of Aitkin, Kanabec, Mille Lacs and Pine counties. After initially flowing southward from its headwaters in southern Aitkin County, the Snake flows through Kanabec County, turning eastward near Mora, Minnesota, following a minor fault line. It drains into the St. Croix River 13 mi east of Pine City, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Associated lakes and tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Two lakes are associated with the Snake River: Cross Lake and Pokegama Lake. Cross Lake is a translation from the Ojibwa bimijigamaa, meaning "a lake that traverses (another body of water)", and is located 13 mi from the rivers mouth. Pokegama Lake, located 17.5 mi from the rivers mouth, gets its name from the Ojibwa bakegamaa, meaning "a side-lake (of another body of water)". Major tributaries of the Snake River are the Knife River, Ann River, Groundhouse River and Rice Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Along with the Knife River, this river served as the main waterway that connected the St. Croix River with Mille Lacs Lake. Chief Kappamappa, as recorded by Henry Schoolcraft, made his home at Chengwatana at the mouth of this river. Near the outlet of Pokegama Lake is a small stream called Mission Creek, named after a Presbyterian mission which brought the first printing press in Minnesota, used to print literature in the Ojibwe language. During the treaty-making periods, this river was inhabited by the Biitan-akiing-enabijig ("Border-sitters") who were equally Ojibwa as they were Dakota. The Biitan-akiing-enabijig had numerous skirmishes among themselves as they defined themselves as either Ojibwa or Dakota, giving a false perspective that the Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux and Ojibwa Nations were at constant war with each other. Eventually, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig who defined themselves as Ojibwa became part of the St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, and the Snake River sub-band subsequently became part of the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, one of the four constituent tribes of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.</p><br>
<p>The North West Company fur trade post was established on the river near modern-day Pine City in 1804. The post was used for several years, but was later abandoned and destroyed in a fire. The site was later rediscovered and excavated. The rowhouse and palisade fence were reconstructed and opened up as a living history museum in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Together with Cross Lake and the Knife River, the 1757 edition of the Mitchell Map identifies this river system as "Portage River" as it served as the waterway that connected the St. Croix River with Mille Lacs Lake and the upper Mississippi River, via a short portage.</p><br>
<p>The Hải Vân Tunnel, the longest tunnel in Southeast Asia at 6.28 km, lies on Highway 1 between the two cities of Da Nang and Huế in central Vietnam.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hải Vân Pass has long been recognised as a major bottleneck. The concept of a tunnel to bypass the long route over the top had long been sought.</p><br>
<h2>Planning and design</h2><br>
<p>Route planning and design work started in January 1998 by a joint venture between Nippon Koei Company Limited Japan and Louis Berger International Inc., USA with the Vietnamese Transport Engineering Design Incorporated (TEDI) providing consultation on the project.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The tunnel was split into two segments, a southern and a northern section. The southern section (4 km) was constructed by a Vietnam–Japan joint venture between the Japanese Hazama Corporation and their Vietnamese partners, Cienco 6. The 2 km northern section was constructed by a joint venture between Koreas Dong Ah construction company and Vietnams Song Da Construction Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel officially opened on June 5, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The main tunnel is 11.9 meters wide. A second tunnel running alongside the main tunnel is currently used for maintenance and emergencies but it is planned to expand this at a later date as traffic increases. It is connected to the main tunnel by 15 cross-tunnels. The tunnels have lighting, fire alarms, communication, water supply and treatment, ventilation fans, and radio broadcast systems.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel subsequently has received an award for quality by the American Construction Management Association.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>Currently the single tunnel has one lane of traffic in each direction. As no overtaking is possible this can result in minor delays if motorists are stuck behind slow moving traffic. A toll of VND25,000 is payable for cars/mini buses.</p><br>
<p>Motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians are not allowed in the tunnel but a new shuttle service began in November 2006. This shuttle service operates around the clock with a reduced overnight service and a daytime fare of VND25,000 or VND30,000 per motorcycle, VND15,000 per bicycle, and VND10,000 per person.</p><br>
<p>A small waiting area has been established at each end of the tunnel where visitors can take photographs and watch a documentary about the making of the tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel reduces the distance between Da Nang and Huế by 20 km and saves between 30 minutes and an hour on traveling times over the old Hải Vân Pass route.</p><br>
<p>Banco Chinchorro is an atoll reef lying off the southeast coast of the Municipality of Othón P. Blanco in Quintana Roo, Mexico, near Belize. It was featured throughout the 2009 semi-documentary film Alamar by Pedro González-Rubio.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reef lies in Mexican waters 35 km offshore in the Caribbean Sea, or about 80 km east of the city of Chetumal. It is approximately 40.2 km long from north to south, and approximately 16 km wide at its widest point. It covers an area of 800 km&sup2;. The atoll has three islands, with an aggregate land area of 6.7 km&sup2;:</p><br>
<p>Cayo Norte (actually two separate islets) (0.9 km²)</p><br>
<p>Cayo Centro (5.6 km²)</p><br>
<p>Cayo Lobos (southernmost) (0.2 km²)</p><br>
<p>The natural vegetation of the islands is largely mangrove near the shore shading into open woodland more than 20 to 30 m from the shore. There is an American crocodile reserve on the southernmost (and biggest) island. The islands (in common with many isolated tropical islands) are thickly populated with small crabs, which are tame and can be trodden on inadvertently by visitors.</p><br>
<p>Some of the islands are inhabited by fishermen, who live in stilt houses about 60 to 100 m offshore to circumvent local regulations forbidding private construction.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>The reef is home to at least nine shipwrecks, including two Spanish Galleons. The names of the known wrecked ships are: SS Caldera, SS Escasell, SS Far Star, SS Ginger Screw, SS Glen View, SS Penelopez, SS San Andreas, and SS Tropic. There is also a large ferry from Cozumel that washed up on Chinchorro during Hurricane Wilma.</p><br>
<p>Lydiard Park is a 260 acre country park at Lydiard Tregoze, which was its formal name, about 4 mi west of central Swindon, Wiltshire, England, near Junction 16 of the M4 .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lydiard Tregoze is mentioned in the Domesday Book and was owned by the Tregoze family from about 1189. In 1259 Henry III gave Robert Tregoze a royal licence to create a deer park in nearby woodland. From 1300 until 1348 Lydiard was owned by the Grandison family, then by the Beauchamps. In 1420 the estate came by marriage to the St John family (based at Battersea, London), and they owned it until the Second World War. From 1942 the park was used as a military hospital by the American Forces, and then between about 1943 and about March 1946 it was a Prisoner of War hospital for German soldiers as POW camp No.160</p><br>
<p>The dereliction of the hall and the declining fortunes of the St John family formed the backdrop of the 1967 novel The Heir of Starvelings by American writer Evelyn Berckman.</p><br>
<p>Formal gardens and a canal were created as part of changes made to the medieval house in the 17th century. Sir John St John also laid out a series of formal avenues. In 1742-3, under the second Viscount St John, the south and east fronts of the house were remodelled in the Palladian style. The formal elements of the park had been removed by 1766).</p><br>
<p>Large parts of the park had been sold off in the 1920s and 1930s. Swindon Corporation bought the house and park in 1943 and after restoration opened it to the public in 1955. It remains open all year round.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the park received £3m from the Heritage Lottery Fund towards a restoration project. The park hosted Radio 1&#39;s Big Weekend in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Lydiard House</h2><br>
<p>Lydiard House is a manor house located in Lydiard Park at Lydiard Tregoze, Swindon, Wiltshire. The house and surrounding land was originally owned by the Viscount Bolingbroke. The family owned the house for several centuries until the cost of caring for the house proved too high, and they were forced to sell. The house is now owned by Swindon Borough Council who remodelled it and opened it up as a museum for the public. The surrounding garden Lydiard Park is also owned by the council and has been opened as a public park.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the buildings is mainly Palladian and contains a variety of Georgian elements.</p><br>
<p>Scadding Cabin  is a 1794 log cabin in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was built by John Scadding and is the oldest known surviving house in Toronto.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cabin was originally built on the property of John Scadding, an immigrant from Devonshire, in order to fulfill his settlement duties to the Crown. The cabin stood at the east side of the Don River on a 253-acre land grant that stretched north from Lake Ontario to present day Danforth Avenue. Scadding lived in the cabin until he returned to England in 1796.</p><br>
<p>When Scadding returned to York in 1818, he sold his property, and cabin, to a farmer named William Smith, who used the cabin as an outbuilding. The cabin remained in the Smith family until 1879 when the cabin was offered to the York Pioneers. Henry Scadding, son of John Scadding, was a founding member of the historical society.</p><br>
<h2>York Pioneers</h2><br>
<p>In 1879 John Smith, the owner of the Scadding property, gave Scadding Cabin to the York Pioneers. 1879 was also the beginning of the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, later the CNE, and the York Pioneers worked with the CNE’s founders to move the cabin to its current site to celebrate the fair’s inauguration.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was dismantled, moved and reconstructed by the York Pioneers on the grounds of the first Industrial Exhibition, now Exhibition Place, on August 22, 1879.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The York Pioneers currently operate Scadding Cabin as a museum. Scadding Cabin is furnished as a pioneer home from the 1830s to early 1840s, although there are artifacts that date back to the 1790s. Furnishings include two spinning wheels and a wool winder, equipment for making bread and butter, a candle mold and utensils for cooking on an open hearth.</p><br>
<p>Scadding cabin is open during the Canadian National Exhibition held each year from mid-August to the end of Canada’s Labour Day weekend. The cabin is also open through special arrangements and for community events during the summer months such as Toronto’s Doors Open. In the past the cabin has been open during the Luminato Festival and annual CHIN picnic when these events are held at Exhibition Place.</p><br>
<p>The Garibaldi Ranges are the next-to-southwesternmost subdivision of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains; only the North Shore Mountains are farther southwest. They lie between the valley formed by the pass between the Cheakamus River and Green River on the west  and the valley of the Lillooet River on the east, and extend south into Maple Ridge, an eastern suburb of Vancouver, and the northern District of Mission. To their south are the North Shore Mountains overlooking Vancouver while to their southeast are the Douglas Ranges.</p><br>
<p>They take their name indirectly from Mount Garibaldi on the western side of the range, which is the namesake of Garibaldi Provincial Park. Their southern end between the upper Stave River and Pitt Lake is north of the municipality of Maple Ridge, and forms Golden Ears Provincial Park (which was originally part of Garibaldi Park).</p><br>
<p>Their most famous mountain, The Black Tusk, is not among the highest in the range; it is a volcanic plug on the meadow-ridge between Garibaldi and Cheakamus Lakes, just south of the resort of Whistler, British Columbia. The highest peak in the range is just north of the resort, Wedge Mountain 2892 m (9488 ft) a.k.a. Wedgemont and "The Wedge".</p><br>
<p>The northern part of the range, consisting mostly of Garibaldi Provincial Park, is extremely alpine in character, with large icefields and a sea of high peaks. The southern part of the range, north of Stave Lake and between the upper Pitt River and the lower Lillooet River, has no major icefields because of the precipitous character of the network of plunging U-shaped valleys - many well over 5000 deep, with individual peaks with near-vertical flanks up to 7000. At the core of this set of ridges decorated with sharp, spiny peaks, is the highest - Mount Judge Howay 2262 m (7421 ft). The southernmost major peaks of the Garibaldi Ranges are in Golden Ears Provincial Park just north of Haney (downtown Maple Ridge), whose cluster of sugarloafs resemble a donkey&#39;s ears and, on the day of naming, were gleaming in the sunset; the highest of these is Golden Ears at 1716 m (5630 ft).</p><br>
<h2>Sub-ranges</h2><br>
<p>Garibaldi Névé</p><br>
<p>Fitzsimmons Range</p><br>
<p>Musical Bumps</p><br>
<p>McBride Range</p><br>
<p>Spearhead Range</p><br>
<p>Golden Ears</p><br>
<p>Misty Icefield</p><br>
<p>Bastion Range</p><br>
<p>Torontos First Post Office  is an 1834 post office in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the oldest purpose-built and the only surviving example, of a post office that functioned as a department of the British Royal Mail in Canada. After its use as a post office, it was part of a Roman Catholic boys school and later a cold storage building. Located at 260 Adelaide Street East, the building now houses a museum and a full-service post office, run by the Town of York Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building opened in 1833, before York became the City of Toronto. Therefore, the post office is known both as the "Fourth York Post Office" (as there had been three prior post offices in the settlement) and "Toronto&#39;s First Post Office" (as it was the first post office to serve the newly incorporated city). The building served as a post office until 1839. James Howard Scott served as the first Postmaster for the new Town of Toronto.</p><br>
<p>Some sources, such as John Ross Robertson, say that this building, although built in 1832, was not used as a post office until 1836. The first city directories of Toronto identifies this building, but also identifies the older post office in town, the second post office, as being an active post office in the city. This would mean that this building was one of two post offices that existed when Toronto was founded and would have been the newer post office of the time.</p><br>
<p>After the school vacated the building in 1913, the building was leased for various uses until 1925, under the ownership of Christie, Brown and Company, owner of the biscuit factory across the street. In 1925, the United Farmers&#39; Co-Operative Company bought the building along with the adjoining De La Salle building and the Bank of Upper Canada building. The post office building was converted into a cold storage food warehouse, and used in this way until 1956, when UFC sold the building. The building was used for various uses until 1971, when it was closed up and left vacant, waiting for demolition and redevelopment. The building, along with the De La Salle and bank building was bought by Sheldon and Judith Godfrey for restoration. The Godfreys discovered that the building was in fact the old post office building. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1980. The property is also protected under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act since 1975 and also enjoys an Ontario Heritage Foundation Easement Agreement since 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building was re-opened in 1982 with its present use as museum and period-style post office. The museum is Canadas oldest surviving purpose-built post office, serving as both a museum and full-service postal outlet. Torontos First Post Office is an authorized full-service dealer for Canada Post. Toronto&#39;s First Post Office is operated by the Town of York Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The style of the building is late Georgian architecture. It was originally a three-storey building, with two front doors, one for the private residence and one for the post office proper. At the time, postmasters lived in the same building as their post office. The fourth-storey roof was added in 1876, while the building was part of De La Salle Institute (todays De La Salle College), a Roman Catholic boys school, which had built an adjoining building between the post office and the Bank of Upper Canada Building to the west.</p><br>
<p>Petroto  is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Messatida, Achaea, Greece. The community consists of the villages Petroto, Mavromandila and Agia Paraskevi. Mavromandila is by far the largest village of the community , and is also referred to as Petroto. Mavromandila is located 6 km southeast of Patras city centre, just outside the Patras beltway . The small mountain villages Petroto and Agia Paraskevi are located resp. 5 and 9 km southeast from Mavromandila, to the east and southeast of Omplos mountain. The renowned Achaia Clauss winery is situated in Mavromandila.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The territory of the community Petroto stretches from the coastal plains to the low mountains in the south and east. Mavromandila is at about 130 m elevation, Petroto at 730 m and Agia Paraskevi at about 900 m. The river Glafkos flows east and north of the community. Pine forests cover the mountainous southeastern part. Adjacent communities are Saravali to the west, Neo Souli to the north, Moira to the east and Krystallovrysi to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1821, during the Greek War of Independence, an important battle took place at Petroto (then known as Palaiopyrgos) and nearby Saravali. This was part of the liberation of Patras.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<p>Mesa Verde Administrative District is a set of six National Park Service buildings within Mesa Verde National Park, constructed in 1921 in a Pueblo Revival Style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.,</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The 1921 buildings are significant as the first constructed by the National Park Service "based on cultural traditions represented in the park area", the pueblo revival style, to fit in and to enhance interpretation by visitors of the park area.</p><br>
<p>The landmark buildings include:</p><br>
<p>National Park Headquarters,</p><br>
<p>Museum,</p><br>
<p>Post Office,</p><br>
<p>Ranger Dormitory,</p><br>
<p>Superintendents Residence,</p><br>
<p>Community Building</p><br>
<p>Broken Top is an extinct, glacially eroded complex stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the extensive Cascade Range in the USA state of Oregon. Located southeast of the Three Sisters peaks, the volcano, residing within the Three Sisters Wilderness,</p><br>
<p>is 20 mi west of Bend, Oregon in Deschutes County. Eruptive activity stopped roughly 100,000 years ago, and currently, erosion by glaciers has reduced the volcano&#39;s cone to where its contents are exposed. Bend and Crook Glaciers are the two named glaciers on the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Broken Top is a complex stratovolcano southeast of South Sister, part of the Three Sisters complex volcano, located at longitude 121.7° W and latitude 44.08° N. It has an elevation of 9,174 ft, with a volume of 2.399 cumi.</p><br>
<p>Broken Top joins several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades, which trends from north–south. This includes the Three Sisters complex, Belknap Crater, Mount Washington, Black Butte, and Three Fingered Jack, and Mount Bachelor. Constructed towards the end of the Pleistocene epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that sank within parallel north–south trending faults in the surrounding region. The Three Sisters form the centerpiece of a region of closely grouped volcanic peaks, an exception to the typical 40 to 60 mi spacing between volcanoes elsewhere in the Cascades. This vicinity is among the most active volcanic areas in the Cascades and one of the most densely populated volcanic centers in the world.</p><br>
<p>Due to extensive erosion, the contents of Broken Tops cone are exposed, which allows volcanologists to classify Broken Top as a complex stratovolcano. Its initial eruptions, beginning about 300,000 years ago during the middle of the Pleistocene epoch, consisted of basaltic andesite lava that contributed to a base shield. The center of this edifice consists of agglomerate, which was oxidized, that was invaded by intrusive dikes and geologic sills. Erratic eruptions continued afterward, erupting silicic lava off and on until 150,000 years ago. Much of the current cone is occupied by flows from eruptions of mafic lava (rich in magnesium and iron) including andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, and pyroclastic flows; these deposits extend from the subordinate volcano to the summit. The volcanic crater, now 0.8 km, was most likely created through subsidence, which created a depression that was filled with thick basaltic andesite lava flows topped by thin lavas. Once the volcanos central conduit congealed, it underwent hydrothermal alteration over time, which has been revealed by three cirques. The summit cone has also undergone extensive glacial erosion, with embayments and a major cirque on its southern side.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Cayuse Crater, which formed 11,000 years ago, is made up of basaltic lava and scoria that erupted after Broken Top ceased activity, suggesting that it formed due to an underlying magma chamber closer to South Sister. More recent Holocene activity on the volcano&#39;s flanks constructed basaltic lava flows, cones, and ash that have become interbedded with moraine and material from outwash plains from the Neoglacial period.</p><br>
<h2>Wilderness</h2><br>
<p>Broken Top resides in the Three Sisters Wilderness, which makes up 242,000 acre of the Willamette National Forest. About the area, there are geologic features such as Collier Glacier, Rock Mesa, Collier Cone, and Yapoah Crater.</p><br>
<p>Permits for average entry are distributed, free, from Memorial Day (May 31) until Halloween (October 31). To gain access to the Obsidian area of the wilderness, special entry is required, for both day and overnight hikers. These passes are distributed only at McKenzie Ranger District in Willamette Forest and Sisters Ranger District in Deschutes Forest. The administration disallows any vehicle entry.</p><br>
<p>Cremera is a 36.7 km Italian stream in Lazio  which runs past Sacrofano, Formello, and Campagnano di Roma before falling into the Tiber about 10 km north of Rome. It connects to the Tiber just as the Via Flaminia intersects the Grande Raccordo Anulare highway, on the proximity of the Labaro Roma Nord railway station, where an ancient Roman bridge is.</p><br>
<p>The identification with the Fosso della Valchetta is fixed as correct by the account in Livy ii. 49, which shows that the Saxa Rubra were not far off, and this we know to be the Roman name of the post station of Prima Porta, about 12 km from Rome on the Via Flaminia. It is famous for the defeat of the three hundred Fabii, who had established a fortified post on its banks.</p><br>
<p>Cray Reservoir is a storage reservoir located in the Brecon Beacons National Park for the water supply to the city of Swansea in South Wales and was built between 1898 and 1906 by Swansea Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir now supplies water to the towns in the valley of the River Tawe and north Swansea.</p><br>
<p>The location of the reservoir was chosen as it was upstream of the heavily industrialised parts of the Tawe valley and in an area of high rainfall with as large an upstream catchment as possible. This meant that the ideal location was just to the north of the carboniferous coal belt on the Old Red Sandstone within the Brecon Beacons National Park. The 28-metre high dam is at the lower end of a wide glaciated valley and is estimated to impound some 4.5 million tonnes of water.</p><br>
<p>Upstream of Cray Reservoir the land is largely upland moorlands or unimproved grassland with large areas now given over to plantings of conifers. The impounded water quality is therefore good and the water requires only minimal treatment before entering the water supply system. The treatment of screening, disinfection and lime dosing is carried out south of the reservoir at Nant yr Wydd.</p><br>
<p>Despite the generally excellent quality of the water, there have been occasional episodes of impaired quality mostly concerned with forestry planting and the release of difficult to treat turbidity into the reservoir. On occasions when such raw water quality impairment has overwhelmed the treatment facilities, some bacteriological deterioration has been experienced in the downstream water supply system such as in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Athi-Galana-Sabaki River is the second longest river in Kenya . It has a total length of 390 km, and drains a basin area of 70,000 km². The river rises at 1° 42&#39; S. as Athi River and enters the Indian Ocean as Galana River .</p><br>
<p>Athi River flows across the Kapote and Athi plains, through the Athi River town, takes a northeast direction and is met by the Nairobi River. Near Thika it forms the Fourteen Falls and turns south-south-east under the wooded slopes of the Yatta ridge, which shuts in its basin on the east. Apart from the numerous small feeders of the upper river, almost the only tributary is the Tsavo River, from the east side of Kilimanjaro, which enters in about 3° S. It turns east, and in its lower course, known as the Sabaki (or Galana), traverses the sterile quartz-land of the outer plateau. The valley is in parts low and flat, covered with forest and scrub, and containing small lakes and backwaters connected with the river in the rains. At this season the stream, which rises as much as 10 m in places, is deep and strong and of a turbid yellow colour; but navigation is interrupted by the Lugard falls, which is actually a series of rapids. Onwards it flows east and enters the Indian Ocean in 30 12&#39; S., just 10km north of Malindi town.</p><br>
<p>The river flows through the Tsavo East National Park and attracts diverse wildlife, including hippopotamus and crocodiles.</p><br>
<p>Famously, in the 2009 case of Ben Nyaumbe, the region is also home to pythons.</p><br>
<p>The Bendor Range is a small but once-famous subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, about It is approximately 7,000 square kilometres  in area and about 40 km long  and about 18 km at its widest. It lies between Anderson Lake on the southeast and the Carpenter Lake Reservoir or the Bridge River Power Project on the north, with the gold-rich valley of Cadwallader Creek on its southwest.</p><br>
<p>The ranges western flank is the site of a series of now-semi-abandoned mining towns. One of these, Bralorne, is among the deepest mines in Canada and in its heyday was the third-richest gold mine in the world; it has waned from a peak population of 8,000 to less than 300 today. Its shafts plunge a mile beneath sea level under the range, starting at 3500 above. The name "Bendor" is believed by some locally to be a Gaelic-French hybrid - ben dor - mountain of gold (note Welsh: Pen dawr means the same thing) - and while it does mean that, more or less, the name was conferred in honour of Bend Or, a famous racehorse of the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The range has only a few small icefields, but a number of extremely high and (for climbers) difficult peaks. The highest is Whitecap Mountain 2918 m (9573 ft), which is visible from the Lillooet end of Seton Lake but, as it is located near the heart of the range, invisible from the towns and lakes around its perimeter. At the northwest of the range, but mostly invisible from the towns below because of the terrain of its flanks, is Mount Truax 2870 m (9416 ft). East of it are Mount Williams 2775 m (9104 ft) and Mount Bobb 2821 m (9255 ft).</p><br>
<p>Note: some classification systems assign the Bendor to the Chilcotin Ranges subgrouping of the Pacific Ranges, but this is incorrect as it is on the south side of the Bridge River, which is the limit of the Chilcotin Ranges.</p><br>
<p>The Pantheon Range is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia. It is located between the edge of the Chilcotin Plateau at Tatla Lake on its northeast and the Klinaklini River on its west, with a southeastern boundary along Mosley Creek, a major tributary of the Homathko River. The range is 5550 km²  in area and extremely rugged, with many sharp, glaciated peaks.</p><br>
<p>As is shown in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia map, the Pantheon Range is north of the Waddington and Niut Ranges, which corresponds with the official 1:50,000 maps.</p><br>
<p>The ranges highest summits are Mount Vishnu 3008 m (9869 ft), Mount Astarte 2959 m (9708 ft) and Mount Zeus 2982 m (9783 ft). Most of the ranges peaks have names of gods or other deities, e.g. Thoth, Hermes, Polyphemus, etc. - hence the name.</p><br>
<p>Immediately south of the Pantheon Range is the much higher Waddington Range, home to the highest peak in the Coast Mountains, Mount Waddington, and to the south of that is the Whitemantle Range. Southeast across Mosley Creek, the main west fork of the Homathko River, is the Niut Range, while south of it across the Homathko River is the Homathko Icefield and its attendant ranges.</p><br>
<p>West across the Klinaklini River is the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, which is the largest of the coastal icecaps of the southern Coast Mountains, larger than the Waddington Range&#39;s complex of glaciers and peaks or the Homathko Icefield. North of the Pantheon Range is the northwestern end of the Chilcotin Ranges while farther north, beyond the head of the Klinaklini, is the Rainbow Range, which lies on the Chilcotin Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Suessula  was an ancient city of Campania, southern Italy, situated in the interior of the peninsula, near the frontier with Samnium, between Capua and Nola, and about 7 km northeast of Acerrae, Suessula is now a vanished city and the archeological site belongs to the city of Acerra, and not to San Felice a Cancello as reported in some sources.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient</h3><br>
<p>Suessula is repeatedly mentioned dining the wars between Romans and Samnites, as well as in the Second Punic War against Hannibal. Thus in the First Samnite War (343 BC) it was the scene of a decisive victory by Marcus Valerius Corvus over the Samnites, who had gathered together the remains of their army which had been previously defeated at Mount Gaurus (Livy vii. 37). In the following Campanian War the Suessulani followed the fortunes of the citizens of Capua, and shared the same fate, so that at the close of the contest, in 338 BC, they must have obtained the status of civitas, but without the right of suffrage (Id. viii. 14).</p><br>
<p>In the Second Punic War the city played a considerable part, though apparently more from its position than its own importance. Suessula was on the line of the Via Popillia, which was here intersected by a road which ran from Neapolis through Acerrae, and on to the Via Appia, which it reached just west of the Caudine pass. The line of hills which rises from the level plain of Campania immediately above Suessula, and forms a kind of prolongation of the ridge of Mount Tifata, was a station almost as convenient as that mountain itself, and in 216 BCE, it was occupied by M. Claudius Marcellus with the view of protecting Nola, and watching the operations of Hannibal against that city (Liv. xxiii. 14, 17). From this time the Romans seem to have kept up a permanent camp there for some years, which was known as the Castra Claudiana, from the name of Marcellus who had first established it, and which is continually alluded to during the operations of the subsequent campaigns (Liv. xxiil. 31, xxiv. 46, 47, xxv. 7, 22, xxvi. 9).</p><br>
<p>After this period, Suessula fades into obscurity. It continued to be a municipal town of Campania, though apparently one of a secondary class; and inscriptions attest its municipal rank under the Roman Empire. It had received a body of veterans as colonists under Sulla, but did not attain the colonial rank (Strabo v. p. 249; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Orell. Inscr. 129, 130, 2333; Lib. Col. p. 237). The Tabula Peutingeriana places it on a line of road from Capua to Nola, at the distance of 9 miles from each of those cities (Tab. Peut).</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages and modern</h3><br>
<p>Suessula was an episcopal see in the first ages of Christianity, until at least the 10th century. It was for a time the chief town of a small Lombard League principality. It was several times plundered by the Saracens, and at last abandoned by the inhabitants in consequence of malaria. The ruins of the town lie within the Bosco d&#39;Acerra, a picturesque forest, about 7 km south of Maddaloni, and an adjacent castle is still called Torre di Sessola. They were more conspicuous in the 19th century than they now are, but traces of the theater may still be seen, and debris of other buildings. Oscan tombs were excavated there between 1878 and 1886, and important finds of vases and bronzes have been made. The dead were generally buried within slabs of tuff arranged to form a kind of sarcophagus. Inscriptions, as well as capitals of columns and other architectural fragments, have been found there (Francesco Maria Pratilli, Via Appia, iii. 3. p. 347; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 590).</p><br>
<p>Seven Mile Beach is a long beach with strong historical reference just south of Gerringong in the Shoalhaven area of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 Seven Mile Beach was used by Sir Charles Kingsford Smith as the runway for the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>It also has a little river/lake.</p><br>
<p>The area contains a unique littoral rainforest with several rainforest plants at their southern most limit of distribution, as well as a beach/dune/wetland ecosystem and has been used for studying sand dunes and their vegetation. Surrounding the beach are spinifex, coast wattle, tea-tree, coast banksia, she-oaks, bangalay, saw banksia, southern mahogany and burrawangs.</p><br>
<p>Its bird population includes honeyeaters, currawongs, crimson rosellas, thornbills, kookaburras, ravens, grey fantails, eastern whipbirds and white-throated treecreepoers, and even white-breasted sea eagles.</p><br>
<p>Soluntum or Solus  was an ancient city of Sicily, one of the three chief Phoenician settlements in the island, situated on the north coast, about 16 km east of Panormus , and immediately to the east of the bold promontory called Capo Zafferano. It lay 183 m above sea level, on the southeast side of Monte Catalfano 1,225 ft, in a naturally strong situation, and commanding a fine view. Some scholars contend that Soluntum and Solus were two different cities at close quarters, Soluntum, higher upon the hillside, being a later habitation displacing the earlier settlement of Solus, at a lower elevation. Its current site is at the località of Sòlanto in the comune of Santa Flavia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The date of its first occupation is, like that of Panormus (Palermo), unknown. From its proximity to Panormus, Soluntum was one of the few colonies that the Phoenicians retained when they gave way before the advance of the Greek colonies in Sicily, and withdrew to the northwest corner of the island. It then passed together with Panormus and Motya into the hands of the Carthaginians, or at least became a dependency of that people. It continued steadfast to the Carthaginian alliance even in 397 BCE, when the formidable armament of Dionysius shook the fidelity of most of their allies; its territory was in consequence ravaged by Dionysius, but without effect. At a later period of the war (396 BCE) it was betrayed into the hands of that despot, but probably soon fell again into the power of the Carthaginians. It was certainly one of the cities that usually formed part of their dominions in the island; and in 307 BCE it was given up by them to the soldiers and mercenaries of Agathocles, who had made peace with the Carthaginians when abandoned by their leader in Africa. During the First Punic War we find it still subject to Carthage, and it was not till after the fall of Panormus that Soluntum also opened its gates to the Romans. It continued to subsist under the Roman dominion as a municipal town, but apparently one of no great importance, as its name is only slightly and occasionally mentioned by Cicero. But it is still noticed both by Pliny and Ptolemy, where the name is corruptly written Ὀλουλίς), as well as at a later period by the Itineraries, which place it 12 miles from Panormus and 12 from Thermae (modern Termini Imerese). Soluntum minted coins in antiquity. It is probable that its complete destruction dates from the time of the Saracens.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations and remains</h2><br>
<p>Excavations have brought to light considerable remains of the ancient town, belonging entirely to the Roman period, and a good deal still remains unexplored.</p><br>
<p>The traces of two ancient roads, paved with large blocks of stone, which led up to the city, may still be followed, and the whole summit of Monte Catalfano is covered with fragments of ancient walls and foundations of buildings. Among these may be traced the remains of two temples, of which some capitals and portions of friezes, have been discovered. An archaic oriental Artemis sitting between a lion and a panther, found here, is in the museum at Palermo, with other antiquities from this site. An inscription, erected by the citizens in honor of Fulvia Plautilla, the wife of Caracalla, was found there in 1857. With the exception of the winding road by which the town was approached on the south, the streets, despite the unevenness of the ground, which in places is so steep that steps have to be introduced, are laid out regularly, running from east to west and from north to south, and intersecting at right angles. They are as a rule paved with slabs of stone. The houses were constructed of rough walling, which was afterwards plastered over; the natural rock is often used for the lower part of the walls. One of the largest of them, with a peristyle, was in 1911, though wrongly, called the gymnasium. Near the top of the town are some cisterns cut in the rock, and at the summit is a larger house than usual, with mosaic pavements and paintings on its walls. Several sepulchres also have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The aboriginal Saanich and Songhees people called the mountain PKOLS, meaning "White Head" in SENĆOŦEN dialect. This mountain was a culturally significant gathering and meeting place of the SENĆOŦEN and Lekwungen peoples, a site for ceremonies and sharing important news.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-nineteenth century, it was called Cedar Hill, and was home to logging operations. Local mills supplied the growing city of Victoria, including the original Hudsons Bay Company fort, transporting lumber south along present day Cedar Hill Road. It was brought under protected status in 1889. Finding no cedars on the hill called "Cedar Hill," Captain Henry Kellett renamed it "Mount Douglas," as recorded in the Fort Victoria Journal by Roderick Finlayson. Although this informal renaming occurred in Douglas lifetime (it was given the appellation "Mount" in order to honour the governor&#39;s status), the name "Mt. Douglas" was not officially adopted until 1910.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, an effort was started to reestablish its aboriginal name.</p><br>
<p>The Reclaim PKOLS movement has appealed to the BC Geographical Names Office for a formal name change. There has yet to be an approval of this petition.</p><br>
<h2>The neighbourhood</h2><br>
<p>The namesake neighbourhood around the base of Mt. Douglas is a mix of residential neighbourhoods, hobby farms and working farms, roughly bounded by Cedar Hill Road, Cordova Bay Road, the Blenkinsop Valley and Parkside Crescent. The farms of the Blenkinsop Valley (such as Madrona Farm) are protected by the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Mount Douglas Mining Cave</h2><br>
<p>Mount Douglas has many trails. One trail in particular, on its south side (near the north-most point of Glendenning Trail), has an old abandoned mine. The mine has a small entrance, but it opens up inside. The mine is about 50 to 60 ft in length.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chew Bahir  or Lake Istifanos, also called Stefanie, Basso Naebor and Chuwaha, is a lake in southern Ethiopia, located on the southwestern end of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples&#39; Region, near the border with Oromia Region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>When the Lake Chew Bahir is filled, it stretches into northern Kenya. Lying at the center of the Stephanie Wildlife Sanctuary, the lake measures some 40 mi by 15 mi.</p><br>
<p>This lake is the southernmost and lowest (1,880 ft, 573 m) of a series of lakes which lie in the north-easterly continuation of the Great Rift Valley; its watershed is separated from the watershed of Lake Turkana by the Humu Range and the hills south of it. The Kumbi Range rises on its eastern side. Chew Bahir is fed from the north by the Weito River, and its tributary the Galana Sagan. The Galana Sagan receives the overflow of Lake Chamo in some years, but no permanent connection exists.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Count Sámuel Teleki was the first European to visit the lake in 1888, and named it for Princess Stéphanie of Belgium, the wife of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Following Teleki&#39;s visit, Lake Chew Bahir and the neighboring lakes were explored by Arthur Donaldson Smith, Vittorio Bottego, M. S. Welby, Oscar Neumann and others. J. J. Harrison in 1899 found the lake quite dried up, and two years later Count Wickenburg found water only in the northern part. In 1960 the lake covered about 2,000 km², but shrank to a swamp over the rest of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Naejangsan is a mountain located on the border of North Jeolla and South Jeolla provinces in southwestern South Korea, approximately three hours drive south of Seoul. It has an elevation of 763 m.</p><br>
<h2>National park</h2><br>
<p>Naejangsan forms the core of Naejangsan National Park. It is located nearby the city of Jeongeup and is a very popular tourist destination, particularly in autumn due to its spectacular autumn foliage.</p><br>
<p>Naejang means that something hidden in the mountain is infinite. The mountain is located in the boundary between Jeong-up and Sun-chang. It is one of the best mountains in Korea. And it has been famous for fall foliage more than 500 years. On 17 November 1971, the mountain became a national park. During the peak season, there are about 100,000 tourists per day visiting to see fall foliage, and there are a million tourists in per year. In the spring, there is cherry blossoms on the green mountain. In the summer, there is well-shade of tree. In the autumn, there is a blazing fall foliage. In the winter, there is snowy landscape. The mountain is very attractive in all four seasons.</p><br>
<p>-Transportation-</p><br>
<p>There is bus station and train station in Jeong-up. Both station are less than 20 km from the mountain. The train station is on Honam Line. So you can depart from Seoul(Yongsan Station) or Gwang-ju. Also KTX(Korea Train eXpress) is available. From Yongsan to Jeong-up is about 2 1/4 hours. If you take a bus from Seoul, it will take about 3 hours. From the stations, take bus No.171 (from 6:25–21:00) and you can reach the Naejang bus station. It is next to the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Carillon Historical Park is a 65-acre  park and museum in Dayton, Ohio, which contains historic buildings and exhibits concerning the history of technology and the history of Dayton and its residents from 1796 to the present. The historical elements of the park were the brainchild of Colonel Edward Deeds. The major sections include settlement, transportation, invention, and industry. The park also contains the Carillon Park Railroad, a gauge miniature railway.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Carillon Historical Park merged with the Montgomery County Historical Society to form Dayton History.</p><br>
<h2>Kettering Family Education Center</h2><br>
<p>The Kettering Family Education Center anchors the park and features changing exhibits in the National City Exhibit Gallery, a video about the park, and gift and snack shops. There are also rooms for education presentations.</p><br>
<h2>Wright Brothers Aviation Center</h2><br>
<p>The John W. Berry Sr. Wright Brothers Aviation Center houses the 1905 Wright Flyer III, the world&#39;s first practical airplane. The airplane, a unit of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park, was restored from 1948 to 1950 with the initial consultation of Orville Wright before his 1948 death.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement exhibits</h2><br>
<h2>Transportation exhibits</h2><br>
<p>An original lock of the Miami and Erie Canal is located on the grounds, as is a canal toll office. The transportation center vehicles include the John Quincy Adams steam locomotive (built in 1835 by the B&O Railroad and is the oldest US-built locomotive that still exists), a Barney and Smith passenger car built in Dayton, a Conestoga wagon, a 1908 Stoddard-Dayton automobile, a 1915 Xenia cyclecar, an interurban railcar, and other vehicles associated with Dayton. Among the latter, added to the collection in 1988, is a 1949-built Marmon-Herrington trolley bus, which was number 515 in the fleet of the City Transit Company and provided service on the Dayton trolley bus system from 1949 until about 1982. It arrived at the museum in August 1988 and replaced a similar Marmon-Herrington trolley bus, ex-Dayton 501, that had been on display there since April 1988 but was then donated to the Cincinnati Transit Historical Association under an agreement in which Carillon Park received No. 515 from the Miami Valley Regional Transit Authority in exchange. The center also displays the final SUV made at the former General Motors Moraine Assembly, next to the first windshield made by Fuyao Glass America, which redeveloped the factory.</p><br>
<h2>Invention and industry</h2><br>
<p>Deeds Barn - features such inventions as a Liberty aircraft engine, early Frigidaire refrigerator, 1912 Cadillac with the Delco automobile electric system.</p><br>
<p>Print Shop - working 1930s print shop</p><br>
<p>Corliss Engine Building - houses the Corliss Engine that provided both electrical power and steam heat for the National Cash Register Company from 1902 to 1948.</p><br>
<h2>Deeds Carillon</h2><br>
<p>The park is named for the 151-foot-tall (46 m) Deeds Carillon. Colonel Edward Deeds, in whose name the tower was built, was a Dayton industrialist and innovator. The art moderne-style carillon tower was built in 1942 and designed by New York architects Reinhard & Hofmeister. It was funded by Edward Deeds&#39; wife Edith Walton Deeds and was designed to commemorate the Deeds family. When the tower was built, each of 23 bells was inscribed with the name of a family member, with the “silent” bells bearing the names of deceased family members and ringing bells cast with the names of family members then living. Today, with 57 bells, the carillon is Ohio’s largest. The National Park Service listed the Deeds Carillon on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Carillon Park refurbished the carillon in 1988, converting it from an electric keyboard controlled instrument to a traditional, baton-keyboard mechanical carillon. The Park&#39;s carillonneur, Larry Weinstein performs live carillon concerts every Sunday at 3:00 from May to October.</p><br>
<p>Thamserku is a mountain in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal. The mountain is connected by a ridge leading eastward to Kangtega. Thamserku is a prominent mountain to the east of Namche Bazaar and lies just north of Kusum Kangguru.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent was made in 1964 from the south by members of Edmund Hillary&#39;s Schoolhouse Expedition: Lynn Crawford, Pete Farrell, John McKinnon, Richard Stewart and Phu Dorje Sherpa. Below the basin on the southwest face, they reached the south ridge after climbing a difficult couloir. The team described the climb as difficult and the route has not been repeated in its entirety by anyone else. In 2014, Russian climbers Alexander Gukov and Alexey Lonchinskiy made the first ascent on the southwest face.</p><br>
<p>At 2,501.9 metres above sea level, Säntis is the highest mountain in the Alpstein massif of northeastern Switzerland. It is also the culminating point of the whole Appenzell Alps, between Lake Walen and Lake Constance. Shared by three cantons, the mountain is a highly visible landmark thanks to its exposed northerly position within the Alpstein massif. As a consequence, houses called Säntisblick  can be found in regions as far away as the Black Forest in Germany. Säntis is among the most prominent summits in the Alps and the most prominent summit in Europe with an observation deck on the top. The panorama from the summit is spectacular. Six countries can be seen if the weather allows: Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, France, and Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Säntis is located in the Alpstein region, nearly 10 km (as the crow flies) southwest of the town of Appenzell. Three cantons meet on Säntis: Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, and St. Gallen, the mountain being split between the municipalities of Hundwil, Schwende and Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann. Even though its summit is at only 2502 metres above sea level, the mountain ranks number 13th in the Alps and 29th in Europe in topographic prominence at 2021 metres. Peaks with high prominence often have impressive summit views, even if their elevations are relatively modest, Säntis being a prime example. Säntis is also the highest mountain of both cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The exposed position of Säntis results in weather conditions normally observed in the high Alps. For example, in April 1999, just beneath the summit on the northern snowfield of the mountain, a snow height of 816 cm was recorded. The daily mean temperature is -1.9 &deg;C with a precipitation of 2,701 mm per year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Säntis dates back to the 9th century. It is an abbreviation of the Romansh language for Sambatinus (English: the one born on Saturday), which was thought to be the name of a nearby area. The name was later used to refer to the summit. In the German language it was called Semptis or Sämptis. The mountain later gave its name to a canton of the Helvetic Republic (1798 - 1803).</p><br>
<h3>Weather station</h3><br>
<p>The International Meteorological Congress of Rome in 1879 declared it as a necessity to build weather stations on adequate and accessible summits. Therefore, the Swiss built a weather station on Säntis. The position of the northern ridge proved to be ideal for such an endeavour. The weather station was commissioned in autumn of 1882.</p><br>
<h3>Säntismurder</h3><br>
<p>The so-called Säntismord (English: Säntismurder) happened in the winter of 1922. It refers to a crime in which the weather station keeper and his wife were murdered. The murder was only discovered because of missing weather reports on 21 February. As a result of the missing reports, a search party was sent to Säntis, where they discovered the bodies. The prime suspect was shoemaker Gregor Anton Kreuzpointer, who committed suicide three weeks after the murder. The truth about this double murder hence remains unclear to this day.Werner Kamber: Die Alpen 12/2002</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<h3>Transmission tower</h3><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>Today, the summit is easily accessible by aerial tramway from Schwägalp. It had been a popular destination for tourists since the mid 19th century. However, even though many ideas to make the summit more easily accessible existed since those days, it took almost another century for them to materialize. Many approaches, using various types of railways starting from several nearby towns, were tried, but ultimately failed. One project planned to access Säntis from Wasserauen or Unterwasser by rack-and-pinion railway. While the lower section of this project between Appenzell and Wasserauen was built and is still part of today&#39;s active railway network, the rest of it was halted due to a lack of funding. Finally, local businessman Dr. Carl Meyer of Herisau came forward with the idea to construct an aerial tramway from the base of the mountain, at Schwägalp, and build a mountain road from the nearby town of Urnäsch for easier access to its lower terminal. On 22 September 1933, his project was ultimately selected for construction and Meyer was awarded with the necessary licences by the federal government. Finally, on 1 July 1935, the aerial tramway started operations. The original cabins were replaced by larger ones in 1960. The entire aerial tramway installation was replaced between 1968 and 1976. In 2000, new cabins were commissioned. The aerial tramway Luftseilbahn Schwägalp-Säntis is one of the most frequented tramways in Switzerland. It has a total length of 2307 meters. The altitude gain between the terminals is 1123 meters. The journey takes roughly 8 minutes. The first tramway was constructed from 1933 to 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Miscellaneous</h2><br>
<p>In honour of the Swiss National Day, which is celebrated 1 August each year, the world&#39;s largest Swiss flag was to be seen on Säntis from 31 July – 2 August 2009. The square national flag was 120 meters each side and weighed 1.2 tons. The flag ripped on 2 August 2009 due to strong winds in the area.</p><br>
<p>Cho Polu is a mountain in the Khumbu region of eastern Nepal. Southern neighbors include Num Ri and Baruntse while Imja Tse  lies immediately to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The lists Edmund Hillary and George Lowe as first ascenders in 1954, as reported in 1955 in both Mountain World and the New Zealand Alpine Journal in 1955. In their book East of Everest, Hillary and Gregory wrote that Hillary had climbed a large domed ice peak of 22,060 ft with Sirdar Urkien on June 3, 1954 and that the "people in the Imja refer to this mountain as Cho Polu." However, there is doubt about the true nature of the 1954 summit, as both he maintained by Elizabeth Hawley and the editors of the American Alpine Journal hold that the first known ascent of Cho Polu took place in the autumn of 1984, when the Spanish climber Nil Bohigas soloed it unauthorized via the north face and northeast ridge. It is possible that the British climber Trevor Piling also climbed the peak from the north in 1989, but he disappeared in the Annapurna Sanctuary shortly after and did not report on it. The second confirmed ascent and first official ascent was made by the German team of Olaf Rieck, Dieter Rülker, Markus Walter (leader) and Günter Jung on November 12, 1999 by the north face.</p><br>
<p>The third confirmed ascent was made on November 12, 2011 by Spanish climber Jordi Corominas on the west face and southwest ridge.</p><br>
<p>Lake Afton is a 258 acre man-made recreational lake in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States, and within the 720 acre Lake Afton Park. It is located east of the intersection of Viola Rd  and MacArthur Rd , between the communities of Goddard, Garden Plain, Schulte, Viola.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ground breaking for the dam occurred on December 29, 1939. The dam was built by Works Progress Administration workers from 1939 to 1941. It opened to the public in 1945.</p><br>
<p>The Sedgwick County Commission let a contract for the construction of the Segwick County Boys Detention Home within the Park in April 1960.</p><br>
<p>Lake Afton Public Observatory was constructed within the Park in the late 1970s on the north side of MacArthur Rd.</p><br>
<h2>Directions</h2><br>
<p>Lake Afton is located at 24600 W 39th St S, which is east of the intersection of Viola Rd (263rd St W) and MacArthur Rd (39th St S) in rural western Sedgwick County. MacArthur Rd is located 3 mi south of USA Route 54 / USA Route 400 highway.</p><br>
<p>Directions:</p><br>
<p>from Goddard, 3 mi west on USA Route 54, 3 mi south on Viola Rd, 0.7 mi east on MacArthur Rd.</p><br>
<p>from Garden Plain, 2 mi east on USA Route 54, 3 mi south on Viola Rd, 0.7 mi east on MacArthur Rd.</p><br>
<p>from Schulte and K-42, 8.7 mi west on MacArthur Rd.</p><br>
<p>from Viola and K-42, 9 mi north on Viola Rd, 0.7 mi east on MacArthur Rd.</p><br>
<p>Kahshe Lake is a lake situated in the Muskoka region in Ontario, Canada . It is one of the main cottaging lakes in the region and is the fourth largest of these lakes by area. There are approximately 600 cottages on the lake. The lake is tea coloured, containing a high level of dissolved organics.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Indian word Kah-she-she-bog-a-mog is defined in a dictionary developed by early Jesuit missionaries and located in the archives in Ottawa. The morphemes break as follows: Ka-shesheb-agam-ag: where there are-ducks-lake-place, thus Lake of Many Ducks; compare Ojibwe jishib duck; the following are spurious (Carl Masthay, St. Louis, 2009): Kah-Lake, She-Many, Bog-Ducks,a-and, Mog or Maug-Loons, therefore Lake of Many Many Ducks and Loons (researched by Ken Little). Other people swear that it means Lake of Many Islands or "Lake of Healing Waters". Yet others, especially those with powerful motor boats, nickname it Lake of Many Rocks and "The Minefield". The lake&#39;s west end is shallow while the east side is deep, yet both areas have many shallow rock hazards with no marker buoys that just seem to appear "out of nowhere" as the waterways are navigated. There is a section in the middle of the lake that is so rugged that if marked with sonar, it appears as the pulses of a heart beat on a pulse reader. These many distinct areas in the lake provide for easy fish locating for avid fishermen.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>It is notable that there is a public beach off North Kahshe Lake Road. The beach is a gathering point for residents and cottagers. There are public boating docks and a boat launch. The lake has been featured on several fishing shows and has also been featured on television, most notably in a Tim Hortons commercial. There are many organized events in and around the lake, particularly Kahshe Lake regatta, Several barn dances, End of Summer labour day concert, and Rockhaven Inn craft sale.</p><br>
<p>The Tantalus Range is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southern British Columbia, Canada. The range is easily viewed from the "Sea to Sky Highway" that travels from Vancouver to Squamish and Whistler. To Squamish people, the local indigenous people of the area, the name of the Tantalus Range is tsekílx.</p><br>
<p>The range&#39;s southern end is on the western edge of Squamish and it runs only about 35 km northwest on the west bank of the Squamish River and is less than 16 km wide at its widest. It is about 460000 ha (4600 km² or 1775 mi²) in area. Mount Tantalus 2603 m (8540 ft) is the highest in the range.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the name, as well as the names of many of its peaks, are from Greek mythology. Tantalus was doomed in Hades to be half-submerged in cold water with fruit dangling close but not close enough to eat, which is where the word tantalize has its root. Allegedly the name was conferred by a local mountain climber who was "tantalized" by the sight of the range&#39;s impressive spires and icefalls from across the turbulent waters of the Squamish River. Alternately, another version of the legend has Tantalus and his family frozen before a banquet, unable to move - very descriptive of the ice-draped and somehow regal character of the peaks and icefields of the range.</p><br>
<p>The Tantalus Range is a favourite with climbers, and also with photographers and filmmakers. The best views of it can be had just north of Squamish from the Brohm Ridge and Cheakamus Canyon stretches of BC Highway 99 (the Sea-to-Sky Highway).</p><br>
<p>Neighbouring ranges:</p><br>
<p>Garibaldi Ranges</p><br>
<p>North Shore Mountains</p><br>
<p>Clendinning Range</p><br>
<p>(unnamed ranges not listed at present)</p><br>
<p>The Waddington Range is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is only about 4000 km²  in area, relatively small in area within the expanse of the range, but it is the highest area of the Pacific Ranges and of the Coast Mountains, being crowned by its namesake Mount Waddington 4019 m . The Waddington Range is also extremely rugged and more a complex of peaks than a single icefield, in contrast to the other huge icefield-massifs of the southern Coast Mountains, which are not so peak-studded and tend to have more contiguous icemasses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The difficulty of access to the core of the massif delayed actual sighting, measurement and climbing of Mount Waddington until 1936; it had only been espied from Vancouver Island by climbers in the 1930s and was at first referred to as Mystery Mountain - because its existence until then had been unknown. Apparently even in First Nations lore its existence was spoken of only vaguely, as a possibility, and it seems unlikely the core of the massif was penetrated by any First Nations adventurer given the tremendous difficulty posed even for mountaineers equipped with modern outdoor gear.</p><br>
<p>At its eastern edge, deep in the Grand Canyon of the Homathko River, occurred the first gruesome event in the guerilla war known to history as the Chilcotin War of 1864. This resulted from the attempt by Alfred Waddington to build a road from Bute Inlet to Barkerville. Port Waddington, a land-survey left over from those days, remains on the map on the south bank of the Homathko where it empties into Bute Inlet.</p><br>
<p>Waddingtons Road was never completed because of the war, but was examined in later years as one of the main possible routings for the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Choice of the route would see the terminus of the railway at Victoria but despite strong favour from that city and the province the railway chose Burrard Inlet, which as a result became todays Vancouver.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbouring ranges and icefields</h2><br>
<p>Immediately north of the Waddington Range is the Pantheon Range, while to its south is the Whitemantle Range. Northeast across Mosley Creek, the main west fork of the Homathko River, is the Niut Range, while east across the Homathko River is the Homathko Icefield and its attendant ranges. Northwest across the Klinaklini River is the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, which is the largest of the coastal icecaps of the southern Coast Mountains, larger than the Waddington Range&#39;s complex of glaciers and peaks or the Homathko Icefield.</p><br>
<p>The Rainbow Range, formerly known as the Rainbow Mountains, is a mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located 40 km northwest of Anahim Lake. Located on the western edge of the Chilcotin Plateau, the range adjoins the Coast Mountains Pacific Ranges to the south, and the Kitimat Ranges to the north. In some classification systems it is considered part of the Coast Mountains. It lies north of the Bella Coola and Atnarko Rivers and south and west of the Dean River, which curves around its north flank, and is relatively drier in climate and easier of terrain than more mountainous areas immediately west.</p><br>
<p>Once called Tsitsutl, meaning "rainbow mountains" in the Ulkatcho dialect of the Carrier language, that name is now the name of the range&#39;s highest peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Rainbow Range is an eight-million-year-old (Miocene) massive peralkaline shield volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt which includes the lower but similar Itcha and Ilgachuz Ranges. The shield has a diameter of 30 km is now heavily eroded by glaciers carving into the volcanic rock and sands over millions of years. The volcanism that created the shield is not well studied and is poorly understood. It is thought to be the result of the North American Plate passing over a hotspot, similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands, known as the Anahim hotspot. The only real separate volcanic peak associated with the Rainbow Range is Anahim Peak which sits on its northeast flank. Other peaks in the range are other high eroded remnants of the shield, including Beef Peak, TaiaTaeszi Peak, Mount MacKenzie and Tsitsutl Peak 2,495 m, which is the highest summit of the Rainbow Range.</p><br>
<p>The range gets its name from the intense and varied colours of its terrains&#39; volcanic lavas and sands from heavy mineralization, like the Spectrum Range in the Spatsizi Plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park</h2><br>
<p>The Rainbow Range lies partly in the Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park, while to its east the Itcha and Ilgachuz Ranges form the core of the Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>The Jack Hills are a range of hills in Mid West Western Australia. They are best known as the source of the oldest material of terrestrial origin found to date: zircons that formed around 4.39 billion years ago. These zircons have enabled ground-breaking research into the conditions on earth in the Hadean eon. In 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in the Jack Hills of Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>They are located on the border of the Shire of Murchison and the Shire of Meekatharra, south of the Murchison River, about 800 km north of Perth.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Jack Hills are located in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, and comprise an 80 km long northeast-trending belt of folded and metamorphosed supracrustal rocks.</p><br>
<p>Sedimentary siliciclastic rocks, interpreted as alluvial fan-delta deposits, are the major lithology. Minor mafic/ultramafic rocks and banded iron formation (BIF) are also found in the sequence. The overall sequence is generally considered to be a granulite gneiss, which has undergone multiple deformations and multiple metamorphic episodes. The protolith age of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane is variable, but generally considered to be in excess of 3.6 Ga (billion years).</p><br>
<h3>Oldest zircons on Earth</h3><br>
<p>Detrital zircons with ages greater than 4 billion years old have been found in these rocks, and a 4,404 +/-8 million year old zircon was found at Erawandoo Hill; this is the oldest dated material originating on Earth; the date is in the Cryptic era of the Hadean eon. They were found within a unit of the supracrustal sequence, a metamorphosed conglomerate considered to have an age ~3.0 Ga. Given the detrital nature of the rock unit, the zircons are sourced from pre-existing rocks which were then weathered and the resultant sediment deposited as sedimentary rock.</p><br>
<p>The zircons and various aspects of their geochemistry provide evidence for the existence of continental-type crust on the surface of the earth during the Hadean eon, contrasting with earlier ideas on the earliest phase of Earths history. Additionally, oxygen isotopic ratios in the zircons provide evidence for the presence of liquid water on the surface, if not a water ocean; also contrasting with earlier ideas on Earths history. The theory of humid and cool conditions before the Late Heavy Bombardment has been promoted as Cool Early Earth.</p><br>
<h3>Economic geology</h3><br>
<p>The Jack Hills banded iron formation is the site of a non-operating minor iron ore mine owned by Mitsubishi Development Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation, which in the past exported up to 3 million tonnes per annum of high grade detrital hematite iron ore via the port of Geraldton.</p><br>
<p>Other companies operating in the area are also planning major magnetite BIF-based iron ore mines.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Because of their importance as a geology research site, the Jack Hills were nominated to the Register of the National Estate in 2003., they have an "Interim Listing", which means they have been formally proposed for inclusion in the Register.</p><br>
<p>The Overseas Railroad  was an extension of the Florida East Coast Railway to Key West, a city located 128 miles  beyond the end of the Florida peninsula. Work on the line started in 1905 and it operated from 1912 to 1935, when it was partially destroyed by the Labor Day Hurricane.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Flagler and the origin of the Florida East Coast Railway</h2><br>
<p>Henry Flagler (1830–1913) was a principal in Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler and later a founder of Standard Oil during the Gilded Age in the United States. The wealthy man took interest in Florida while seeking a warmer climate for his ailing first wife in the late 1870s. Returning to Florida in 1881, he became the builder and developer of resort hotels and railroads along the east coast of Florida.</p><br>
<p>Beginning with St. Augustine, he moved progressively south. Flagler helped develop Ormond Beach, Daytona Beach, Palm Beach, and became known as the Father of Miami, Florida.</p><br>
<p>Flagler&#39;s rail network became known as the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC). By 1904, the FEC had reached Homestead, south of Miami.</p><br>
<h2>Key West Extension: Eighth Wonder of the World</h2><br>
<p>After the United States announced in 1905 the construction of the Panama Canal, Flagler became particularly interested in linking Key West to the mainland. Key West, the United States&#39; closest deep-water port to the Canal, could not only take advantage of Cuban and Latin America trade, but the opening of the Canal would allow significant trade possibilities with the west.</p><br>
<p>Initially called "Flagler&#39;s Folly", the construction of the oversea railroad required many engineering innovations as well as vast amounts of labor and monetary resources. Once the decision was made to move forward with the project, Flagler sent his engineer William J. Krome to survey potential routes for the railroad. The initially favored route extended the railroad from Homestead southwest through the Everglades to Cape Sable, where it would then cross 25 miles of open water to Big Pine Key and then continue to Key West. However, it was quickly determined that it was more feasible to run the railroad south to Key Largo and follow the islands of the Florida Keys. Krome then surveyed routes to Key Largo, including one over Card Point (which would become the first roadway to the Keys) and Jewfish Creek, which was the selected route.</p><br>
<p>At one time during construction, four thousand men were employed. During the seven year construction, three hurricanes—one in 1906, 1909, and 1910—threatened to halt the project. The project cost was more than $50 million.</p><br>
<p>Despite the hardships, the final link of the Florida East Coast Railway to Trumbo Point in Key West was completed in 1912. In that year, a proud Henry Flagler rode the first train into Key West aboard his private railcar, marking the completion of the railroad&#39;s oversea connection to Key West and the linkage by railway of the entire east coast of Florida. It was widely known as the "Eighth Wonder of the World".</p><br>
<h2>Demise</h2><br>
<p>Much of the Overseas Railroad in the Middle Keys was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, a Category 5 hurricane which is often called "The Storm of the Century". The September 2, 1935, storm killed more than 400 people and devastated Long Key and adjacent areas. The FEC&#39;s Long Key Fishing Camp was destroyed, as was an FEC rescue train which, with the exception of steam locomotive 447, was overturned by the storm surge at Islamorada. Over 40 miles of track were washed away by the hurricane, two miles of which ended up washing ashore on the mainland at Cape Sable.</p><br>
<p>Already bankrupt, the Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections. The roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure. Many of the original bridges were replaced during the 1980s. The Overseas Highway (USA 1, which runs from Key West to Fort Kent, Maine) continues to provide a highway link to Key West. Many old concrete bridges of the Overseas Railroad remain in use as fishing piers and pedestrian paths called the Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as Overseas Highway and Railway Bridges.</p><br>
